• 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17

Tutorial pages

Frequently Asked Questions

This page answers a variety of basic questions about how to use the site and its resources.

 

Using the Encyclopaedia Website

 

Content

 

Contact

 

Permissions and Citations


    The text on the site is too small, how do I make it larger?

    Encyclopedia article pages have a pair of buttons that allow you to increase and decrease the size of the text on the page. For all other pages on the site you must use your browser's zoom function. This is usually done by pressing CTRL and + on in Windows OS browsers or CMD and + for Mac OS browsers. If neither of these keystrokes works please consult your browser's documentation.

    I ran a search and the results opened in a new tab/window. How do I get back to my original browser window?

    Whenever you run a search from the search bar on the front page, the results automatically open in a new tab (or window if your browser does not support tabbed browsing). This allows you to view the results of your search without losing your place, allowing you to easily return to your original page. Simply close the new tab or window that opened when you ran your search and you'll be taken back to the page you were viewing previously.

    I tried searching for something but I didn't get any results/didn't get the results I wanted. How can I get better search results?

    For an explanation of our search system and some recommendations for getting the most out of your search, consult the Search Tips page.

    How do I save as a PDF?

    How you do this will depend on your computer, operating system and internet browser. The easiest option is to go to file print in your browser and select “Print to PDF” or “Save as PDF” option. If you do not have a print or save as PDF option, there are free pdf converters available online, which can be found using a basic search.

    How often is content updated?

    The ILO Encyclopedia is continuously being updated as new information and standards about Occupational Health and Safety are developed. If you would like to suggest a point that should be updated please contact ILO Safework/CIS This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Are there archives of previous editions?

    The complete 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia can be found in ILO Safework/CISon. Please contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    How can I contact the Encyclopaedia with a problem, comment or question? 

    If you have a comment, a question about the ILO Encyclopedia content or if you are experiencing a technical problem with the website please contact ILO/CIS Encyclopedia staff at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    How can I contact an expert?

    By clicking on the “Contributors” tab at the top of the page you can see a complete list of experts. If you click on a name, the contact information will be available to you. You can also access this information by clicking on the author’s name in any article. If you find that the contact information listed is no longer valid, please contact the ILO Safework/CIS at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Is the information on this site copyrighted?

    Yes. Please refer to the next questions on how to properly credit this website.

    How do I credit material in bibliographies?

    At the top of each of the articles is all of the pertinent information for a citation. Most accepted citation styles begin with author’s name and then the article title, followed by source information.

    For example:

    Hinksman, Jeffrey “Major Sectors.” Major Sectors and Their Hazards, Aakrog, A., Editor, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Jeanne Mager Stellman, Editor-in-Chief. International Labor Organization, Geneva. © 2011.

    http://www.iloencyclopedia.org/part-xvi-62216/construction/major-sectors-and-their-hazards/item/524-major-sectors


    How do I request permission to reprint text, figures or tables?

    Please contact the ILO Safework/CIS at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Can I place a link to the ILO Encyclopaedia on my site?

    Yes. Please feel free to link to the ILO Encyclopedia, specific articles or features.

    Welcome to the Encyclopaedia

     

    OHS Organizations Around the World

    • American Petroleum Institute
    • Canadian Auto Workers Union
    • European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
    • Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin
    • Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
    • Canadian Labour Congress
    • Center to Protect Workers' Rights
    • Health and Safety Executive
    • Institut Arbeit und Gesundheit der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer
    • International Commission on Occupational Health
    • Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie
    • Israeli Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
    • Institut National de Recherche et de Securite
    • Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo
    • Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
    • Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail
    • Institut universitaire romand de Sante au Travail
    • Institute for Science of Labour
    • Instituto Seguros Sociales
    • International Organization for Standardization
    • International Social Security Association
    • National Fire Protection Association
    • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
    • Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine
    • Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    • Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (now SUVA)
    • Tyoterveyslaitos
    • United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America
    • United Food and Commercial Workers
    • World Health Organization
    • The American Industrial Hygiene Association
    • Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung

    American Petroleum Institute

    logoapiAmerican Pedtroleum Institute (API) is the leading U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry, which represents coporations involved in the production, refinement, distribution and other aspects of the petroleum industry.

    Read More

    Canadian Auto Workers Union

    logocawCanadian Auto Workers Union (CAW) is the largest private sector union in Canada representing workers throughout virtually every sector of the Canadian economy.

    Read More

    European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

    logoeashw

    European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) was set up to make Europe's workplaces safer, healthier and more productive. This is done by bringing together and sharing knowledge and information, to promote a culture of risk prevention.

    Read More

    Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety

    logoccohs

    Canadian Centre for Occupatioanl Health and Safety (CCOHS) promotes the total well-being - physical, psychosocial and mental health - of working Canadians by providing information, training, education, management systems and solutions that support health, safety and wellness programs.

    Read More

    Canadian Labour Congress

    logoclc

    Canadian Labour Congress brings together Canada’s national and international unions, the provincial and territorial federations of labour and 130 district labour councils.

    Read More

    Center to Protect Workers' Rights

    logoctpwr

    The Center to Protect Workers’ Rights (CPWR), now called The Center for Construction Research and Training, is an international leader in applied research, training, and service to the construction industry.

    Read More

    Health and Safety Executive

    logohse

    Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the national independent regulator and act in the public interest to reduce work-related death and serious injury across Great Britain’s workplaces.

    Read More

    Institut Arbeit und Gesundheit der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung

    (IAG - Institute Work and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance)

    logoiag

    The Institute for Work and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IAG) is a part of the DGUV Academy in Dresden, promoting safety and health at the workplace by training, research and development, and consultancy and to support the German Social Accident Insurance.

    Read More

    International Agency for Research on Cancer

    logoiarc

    International Agency for Research on Cancer is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization tasked with conducting and coordinating research into the cases of cancer.

    Read More

    International Commission on Occupational Health

    logoicoh

    International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) is an international non-governmental professional society, which aims to foster the scientific progress, knowledge and development of occupational health and safety.

    Read More

    Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie

    logoifado

    The Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) investigates potentials and risks of modern work on the basis of behavioural and life sciences. The results of our research are used to design new regulations and guidelines for a beneficial and healthy working environment.

    Read More

    Israeli Institute for Occupational Safety & Health

    logoiiohs

    Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (IIOSH) is Israel's national public institution concerned with the workplace safety and health.

    Read More

    Institut National de Recherche et de Securite

    logoinrs

    Institut National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS) conducts study and research programmes to improve the health and safety of men and women at work in France, from toxicological hazards to physical and psychological well-being.

    Read More

    Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

    logoiomehInstitute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health’s activities cover: research, expertise and training in public health, occupational medicine and environmental health impact assessment, diagnosis and treatment of occupational and environmental diseases, as well as implementation of health promotion and prevention of diseases.

    Read More

    Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail

    logoirsst

    Established in Québec since 1980, the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) is a scientific research organization known for the quality of its work and the expertise of its personnel.

    The Institute is a private, non-profit agency.

    Its board of directors is composed of an equal number of trade union and employers' representatives, making it a joint body.

    The Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST) provides most of the Institute's funding from the contributions it collects from employers.

    Read More

    Institut universitaire romand de Sante au Travail

    logoist

    Institut universitaire romand de Sante au Travail (IST) has no inspection or monitoring function; it provides teaching, research, assessment and consultancy as well as promotion in the field of occupational health in Switzerland.

    Read More

    Institute for Science of Labour

    logoisl

    The Institute is an independent non-profit-making research body under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan.

    Read More

    Instituto Seguros Sociales

    logoiss

    One of the largest organizations in the Columbian government the Instituto Seguros Sociales provides health services and guaranteed pensions to millions of Columbians.

    Read More

    International Organization for Standardization

    logoiso

    International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 160 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland.

    Read More

    International Social Security Association

    logoissa

    The International Social Security Association (ISSA) is the principal international institution bringing together social security agencies and organizations.

    Read More

    National Fire Protection Association

    logonfpa

    The National Fire Protection Association is a nonprofit aimed at reducing the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.

    Read More

    National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

    logoniosh

    The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.

    Read More

    Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine

    logoniom

    The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine is an independent research and development centre that provides background research and promotes healthy lifestyles among Polish workers.

    Read More

    Occupational Safety and Health Administration

    logoosha

    The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the main federal agency charged with the enforcement of safety and health legislation.

    Read More

    Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (now SUVA)

    logosuva

    Suva, a non-profit company formerly known as the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, provides accident insurance products, and prevention and rehabilitation services for industrial trading and commercial enterprises in Switzerland.

    Read More

    Tyoterveyslaitos

    logofioh

    Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FIOH, is a research and specialist organization in the field of occupational health and safety.

    Read More

    United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America

    logouaw

    The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW) is one of the largest and most diverse unions in North America, with members in virtually every sector of the economy.

    Read More

    United Food and Commercial Workers

    logoufcw

    United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) has 1.3 million union members work in a range of industries, with the majority working in retail food, meatpacking and poultry, food processing and manufacturing, and retail stores.

    Read More

    World Health Organization

    logowho

    Within the United Nations the World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.

    Read More

    The American Industrial Hygiene Association

    logoaiha

    The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) is one of the largest international associations serving the need of occupational and environmental health and safety professional practicing industrial hygiene in industry, government, labor, academic institutions, and independent organizations.

    Read More

    Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung

    logodguv

    Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV) is the umbrella association of the accident insurance institutions for the industrial and public sectors.

    Read More

    " DISCLAIMER: The ILO does not take responsibility for content presented on this web portal that is presented in any language other than English, which is the language used for the initial production and peer-review of original content. Certain statistics have not been updated since the production of the 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia (1998)."

    Latest Content and News

    Latest in OHS News
    View the latest in OHS news through selected RSS feeds.

    ILO News
    View the latest news from the International Labour Organization.

    Contents