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Contents

Biological Monitoring References

Alcini, D, M Maroni, A Colombi, D Xaiz, and V Foà. 1988. Evaluation of a standardised European method for the determination of cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocytes. Med Lavoro 79(1):42-53.

Alessio, L, A Berlin, and V Foà. 1987. Influence factors other than exposure on the levels of biological indicators. In Occupational and Environmental Chemical Hazards, edited by V Foà, FA Emmett, M Maroni, and A Colombi. Chichester: Wiley.

Alessio, L, L Apostoli, L Minoia, and E Sabbioni. 1992. From macro- to micro-doses: Reference values for toxic metals. In Science of the Total Environment, edited by L Alessio, L Apostoli, L Minoia, and E Sabbioni. New York: Elsevier Science.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1997. 1996-1997 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH.

—. 1995. 1995-1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH.

Augustinsson, KB. 1955. The normal variation of human blood cholinesterase activity. Acta Physiol Scand 35:40-52.

Barquet, A, C Morgade, and CD Pfaffenberger. 1981. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites in drinking water, human blood, serum and adipose tissue. J Toxicol Environ Health 7:469-479.

Berlin, A, RE Yodaiken, and BA Henman. 1984. Assessment of Toxic Agents at the Workplace. Roles of Ambient and Biological Monitoring. Proceedings of the International Seminar held in Luxembourg, December 8-12. 1980. Lancaster, UK: Martinus Nijhoff.

Bernard, A and R Lauwerys. 1987. General principles for biological monitoring of exposure to chemicals. In Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals: Organic Compounds, edited by MH Ho and KH Dillon. New York: Wiley.

Brugnone, F, L Perbellini, E Gaffuri, and P Apostoli. 1980. Biomonitoring of industrial solvent exposure of workers’ alveolar air. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 47:245-261.

Bullock, DG, NJ Smith, and TP Whitehead. 1986. External quality assessment of assays of lead in blood. Clin Chem 32:1884-1889.

Canossa, E, G Angiuli, G Garasto, A Buzzoni, and E De Rosa. 1993. Dose indicators in farm workers exposed to mancozeb. Med Lavoro 84(1):42-50.

Catenacci, G, F Barbieri, M Bersani, A Ferioli, D Cottica, and M Maroni. 1993. Biological monitoring of human exposure to atrazine. Toxicol Letters 69:217-222.

Chalermchaikit, T, LJ Felice, and MJ Murphy. 1993. Simultaneous determination of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in blood serum and liver. J Anal Toxicol 17:56-61.

Colosio, C, F Barbieri, M Bersani, H Schlitt, and M Maroni. 1993. Markers of occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol. B Environ Contam Tox 51:820-826.

Commission of the European Communities (CEC). 1983. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 8676 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1984. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 8903 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1986. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 10704 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1987. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 11135 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1988a. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 11478 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1988b. Indicators for Assessing Exposure and Biological Effects of Genotoxic Chemicals. EUR 11642 Luxembourg: CEC.

—. 1989. Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. In EUR 12174 EN, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, R Roi, and M Boni. Luxembourg: CEC.

Cranmer, M. 1970. Determination of p-nitrophenol in human urine. B Environ Contam Tox 5:329-332.

Dale, WE, A Curley, and C Cueto. 1966. Hexane extractable chlorinated insecticides in human blood. Life Sci 5:47-54.

Dawson, JA, DF Heath, JA Rose, EM Thain, and JB Ward. 1964. The excretion by humans of the phenol derived in vivo from 2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate. Bull WHO 30:127-134.

DeBernardis, MJ and WA Wargin. 1982. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of carbaryl and 1 naphtol in biological fluids. J Chromatogr 246:89-94.

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 1996. Maximum Concentrations At the Workplace (MAK) and Biological Tolerance Values (CBAT) for Working Materials. Report No.28.VCH. Weinheim, Germany: Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.

—. 1994. List of MAK and BAT Values 1994. Weinheim, Germany: VCH.

Dillon, HK and MH Ho. 1987. Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. In Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals: Organic Compounds, edited by HK Dillon and MH Ho. New York: Wiley.

Draper, WM. 1982. A multiresidue procedure for the determination and confirmation of acidic herbicide residues in human urine. J Agricul Food Chem 30:227-231.

Eadsforth, CV, PC Bragt, and NJ van Sittert. 1988. Human dose-excretion studies with pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin and alphacypermethrin: Relevance for biological monitoring. Xenobiotica 18:603-614.

Ellman, GL, KD Courtney, V Andres, and RM Featherstone. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88-95.

Gage, JC. 1967. The significance of blood cholinesterase activity measurements. Residue Rev 18:159-167.

Health and Safety Executive (HSE). 1992. Biological Monitoring for Chemical Exposures in the Workplace. Guidance Note EH 56. London: HMSO.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1986. IARC Monographs On the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans - An Updating of (Selected) IARC Monographs from Volumes 1 to 42. Supplement 6: Genetic and related effects; Supplement 7: Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity. Lyon: IARC.

—. 1987. Method for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. IARC Scientific Publications, No.89, edited by H Bartsch, K Hemminki, and IK O’Neill. Lyon: IARC.

—. 1992. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification. IARC Scientific Publications, No.116, edited by H Vainio. Lyon: IARC.

—. 1993. DNA Adducts: Identification and Biological Significance. IARC Scientific Publications, No.125, edited by K Hemminki. Lyon: IARC.

Kolmodin-Hedman, B, A Swensson, and M Akerblom. 1982. Occupational exposure to some synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin and fenvalerate). Arch Toxicol 50:27-33.

Kurttio, P, T Vartiainen, and K Savolainen. 1990. Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides and ethylenethiourea. Br J Ind Med 47:203-206.

Lauwerys, R and P Hoet. 1993. Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. Boca Raton: Lewis.

Laws, ERJ. 1991. Diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, edited by WJJ Hayes and ERJ Laws. New York: Academic Press.

Lucas, AD, AD Jones, MH Goodrow, and SG Saiz. 1993. Determination of atrazine metabolites in human urine: Development of a biomarker of exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 6:107-116.

Maroni, M, A Ferioli, A Fait, and F Barbieri. 1992. Messa a punto del rischio tossicologico per l’uomo connesso alla produzione ed uso di antiparassitari. Prev Oggi 4:72-133.

Reid, SJ and RR Watts. 1981. A method for the determination of diaklyl phosphate residues in urine. J Anal Toxicol 5.

Richter, E. 1993. Organophosphorus Pesticides: A Multinational Epidemiologic Study. Copenhagen: Occupational Health Programme and WHO Regional Office for Europe.

Shafik, MT, DE Bradway, HR Enos, and AR Yobs. 1973a. Human exposure to organophosphorous pesticides: A modified procedure for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the alkyl phosphate metabolites in urine. J Agricul Food Chem 21:625-629.

Shafik, MT, HC Sullivan, and HR Enos. 1973b. Multiresidue procedure for halo- and nitrophenols: Measurements of exposure to biodegradable pesticides yielding these compounds as metabolites. J Agricul Food Chem 21:295-298.

Summers, LA. 1980. The Bipyridylium Herbicides. London: Academic Press.

Tordoir, WF, M Maroni, and F He. 1994. Health surveillance of pesticide workers: A manual for occupational health professionals. Toxicology 91.

US Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. Genetic Monitoring and Screening in the Workplace. OTA-BA-455. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

van Sittert, NJ and EP Dumas. 1990. Field study on exposure and health effects of an organophosphate pesticide for maintaining registration in the Philippines. Med Lavoro 81:463-473.

van Sittert, NJ and WF Tordoir. 1987. Aldrin and dieldrin. In Biological Indicators for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Industrial Chemicals, edited by L Alessio, A Berlin, M Boni, and R Roi. Luxembourg: CEC.

Verberk, MM, DH Brouwer, EJ Brouer, and DP Bruyzeel. 1990. Health effects of pesticides in the flower-bulb culture in Holland. Med Lavoro 81(6):530-541.

Westgard, JO, PL Barry, MR Hunt, and T Groth. 1981. A multirule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem 27:493-501.

Whitehead, TP. 1977. Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry. New York: Wiley.

World Health Organization (WHO). 1981. External Quality Assessment of Health Laboratories. EURO Reports and Studies 36. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.

—. 1982a. Field Survey of Exposure to Pesticides, Standard Protocol. Document. No. VBC/82.1 Geneva: WHO.

—. 1982b. Recommended Health-Based Limits in Occupational Exposure to Pesticides. Technical Report Series, No.677. Geneva: WHO.

—. 1994. Guidelines in Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure at the Workplace. Vol. 1. Geneva: WHO.