Saturday, 06 August 2011 02:21

Alcohols: Health Hazards

Chemical name

CAS-Number

ICSC Short-Term Exposure

ICSC Long-Term Exposure

Routes of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

ALLYL ALCOHOL     107-18-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; muscles; liver; kidneys

Inhalation: headache, nausea, vomiting

Skin: may be absorbed, aching, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, temporary loss of vision, severe deep burns, sensitivity to light

Ingestion: abdominal pain, unconsciousness

Eyes; skin; resp sysInh, abs, ing, con

Eye irrit, tissue damage; irrit upper resp sys, skin; pulm edema

BENZYL ALCOHOL     100-51-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting

BUTYL ALCOHOL            71-36-3

Skin; eyes; resp sys; CNSInh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; head, verti, drow; corn inflamm, blurred vision, lac, photo; derm; possible auditory nerve damage, hearing loss; CNS depres

sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL      78-92-2

Eyes; skin, resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, throat, nose; narco

tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL      75-65-0

Eyes; skin, resp sys, CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head; skin flush, burns

2-CHLOROETHANOL     107-07-3

eyes; respiratory tract; CNS;  cardiovascular system; kidneys; liver; may result in death

Inhalation: Mucous membranes, nausea

Skin: Vomiting, vertigo, incoordination

Ingestion: Numbness, visual distortion, headache

Resp sys; liver; kidneys; CNS; skin; CVS; eyesInh, abs, ing, con

Irrit muc memb; nau, vomit; verti, inco; numb; vis dist; head; thirst; delirium; low BP; collapse, shock, coma; liver, kidney damage

CYCLOHEXANOL     108-93-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Eyes; resp sys; skinInh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; skin; narco

ETHANOL          64-17-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin; CNS; liver; blood

Inhalation: cough, drowsiness, headache, fatigue

Skin: dry skin

Eyes: redness, irritant pain, irritant burning

Ingestion: burning sensation, confusion, dizziness, headache, unconsciousness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; blood; repro sysInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose; head, drow, ftg, narco; cough; liver damage; anemia; repro, terato effects

2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL     104-76-7

eyes; skin

Inhalation: dizziness, headache, nausea, weakness

Skin: may be absorbed, redness

Eyes: redness, pain

HEPTANOL        111-70-6

eyes; skin; resp tract

liver; kidneys; birth defects

HEXANOL          626-93-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin; CNS

Inhalation: cough, headache, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL     123-51-3

eyes; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat

Skin: dry skin

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain, unconsciousness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head, dizz; cough, dysp, nau, vomit, diarr; skin cracking; in animals: narco

sec-ISOAMYL ALCOHOL     528-75-4

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head, dizz; cough, dysp, nau, vomit, diarr; skin cracking; in animals: narco

ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL      78-83-1

eyes; resp tract; CNS

skin

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, throat, head, drow; skin cracking; in animals: narco

ISODECYL ALCOHOL     25339-17-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: dizziness, dullness, headache, nausea

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting

ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL     26952-21-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: dizziness, dullness, headache, nausea

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, skin burns

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; CVSInh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose throat; eye, skin burns

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL    67-63-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; drow, dizz, head; dry cracking skin; in animals: narco

METHANOL        67-56-1

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

CNS

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea

Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain, shortness of breath, unconsciousness, vomiting

Eyes; skin, resp sys; CNS; GI tractInh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; head, dizz, verti, li-head, nau, vomit; vis dist, optic nerve damage (blindness); derm

3-METHOXY 1-BUTANOL     2517-43-3

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Inhalation: cough, headache, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: dry skin, burning sensation

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: abdominal pain, dullness, nausea, vomiting

2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL     137-32-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, sore throat

Skin: dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL     25639-42-3

eyes; upper resp tract

skin; CNS

Inhalation: cough, headache

Skin: dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness

Resp sys; skin; eyes; liver; kidneys; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; head; in animals: narco; liver, kidney damage

o-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL     583-59-5

eyes; upper resp tract

skin; CNS

Inhalation: cough, headache

Skin: dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness

m-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL     591-23-1

skin

Inhalation: cough, headache

Skin: dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness

2-METHYL-4-PENTANOL     108-11-2

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS; liver; kidneys

skin; CNS; liver; kidneys

Inhalation: confusion, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, burning sensation

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain

Eyes; skin; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin; head, drow; derm; in animals: narco

1-PENTANOL      71-41-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, possible corneal damage

Ingestion: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting

3-PENTANOL      584-02-1

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

Skin: may be absorbed, redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting

2-PHENYLETHANOL        60-12-8

eyes; resp tract

CNS

Inhalation: coughEyes: redness

PROPANOL        71-23-8

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

Skin; eyes; resp sys; GI tract; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; dry cracking skin; drow, head; ataxia, GI pain; abdom cramps, nau, vomit, diarr; in animals: narco

PROPARGYL ALCOHOL     107-19-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; liver; kidneys; blood

Inhalation: burning sensation

Skin: may be absorbed, redness

Eyes: pain, severe deep burns

Skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh, abs, ing, con

irrit skin, muc memb; CNS depres; in animals: liver, kidney damage

TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL          97-99-4

Inhalation: sore throat, cough, headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness

Skin: redness, irritation, pain

Eyes: redness, irritation, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain

3,5,5-TRIMETHYL-1-HEXANOL          3452-97-9

eyes; skin; resp tract

liver; kidneys

Inhalation: cough, headache, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, roughness, burning sensation

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: headache, nausea, vomiting

 

Back

Saturday, 06 August 2011 02:16

Alcohols: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

107186

ALLYL ALCOHOL

Allylic alcohol;
2-Propene-1-ol;
Propenol;
Propenyl alcohol
UN1098

107-18-6

100516

BENZYL ALCOHOL

Benzenecarbinol;
Benzenemethanol;
Phenolcarbinol;
Phenylmethanol

100-51-6

71363

BUTYL ALCOHOL

n-Butanol;
1-Butyl alcohol;
Butyl hydroxide;
1-Hydroxybutane;
Propylcarbinol;
Propylmethanol

71-36-3

78922

sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL

2-Butanol;
2-Hydroxybutane;
Methylethylcarbinol;
1-Methyl-1-propanol

78-92-2

75650

tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL

tert-Butanol;
1,1-Dimethylethanol;
2-Methyl-2-propanol;
Trimethylcarbinol

75-65-0

108930

CYCLOHEXANOL

Cyclohexyl alcohol;
Hexahydrophenol;
Hexalin;
Hydralin;
Naxol

108-93-0

107073

2-CHLOROETHANOL

Ethylene chlorohydrin;
d-Chloroethanol;
b-Chloroethyl alcohol;
2-Chloroethyl alcohol
UN1135

107-07-3

96231

1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL

Dichlorohydrin;
a-Dichlorohydrin;
1,3-Dichloropropanol-2;
sym-Glycerol dichlorohydrin
UN2750

96-23-1

1185337

2,2-DIMETHYL-1-BUTANOL

2,2,-Dimethylbutanol

1185-33-7

108827

2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTANOL

Diisobutyl carbinol;
sec-Nonyl alcohol

108-82-7

ETHANOL

Ethyl alcohol;
Ethyl hydrate;
Ethyl hydroxide;
Spirt
UN1170
UN1986
UN1987

64-17-54175

97950

2-ETHYLBUTYL ALCOHOL

2-Ethylbutanol;
2-Ethylbutanol-1;
2-Ethyl-1-butanol;
2-Ethylbutyl alcohol;
sec-Hexyl alcohol;
3-Methylolpentane;
sec-Pentylcarbinol;
3-Pentylcarbinol;
Pseudohexyl alcohol;
UN2275

97-95-0

104767

2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL

Ethylhexanol;
2-Ethylhexanol;
2-Ethylhexyl alcohol

104-76-7

111706

HEPTANOL

1-Heptanol;
Heptyl-alcohol ;
1-Hydroxyheptane

111-70-6

543497

2-HEPTANOL

Amyl methyl carbinol;
Heptanol-2;
2-Hydroxyheptane;
Methyl amyl carbinol

543-49-7

111273

HEXANOL

1-Hexanol;
Hexyl-alcohol;
Amylcarbinol;
1-Hydroxyhexane;
Pentylcarbinol

111-27-3

123513

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL

Isobutylcarbinol;
Isopentanol;
Isopentyl alcohol;
3-Methyl butanol;
3-Methyl-1-butanol

123-51-3

78831

ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL

Isobutanol;
1-hydroxymethylpropane;
Isopropylcarbinol;
2-Methyl propanol
UN1212

78-83-1

25339177

ISODECYL ALCOHOL

Isodecanol

25339-17-7

26952216

ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL

Isooctanol

26952-21-6

67630

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

Dimethylcarbinol;
2-Hydroxypropane;
Isopropanol;
n-Propan-2-ol
UN1219

67-63-0

67561

METHANOL

Methyl alcohol;
Methyl hydrate;
Methyl hydroxide;
Monohydroxymethane
UN1230

67-56-1

137326

2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL

D,L-sec-Butyl carbinol;
2-Methyl-1-butanol

137-32-6

25639423

METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL

Hexahydrocresol;
Hexahydromethylphenol;
Methylcyclohexanol
UN2617

25639-42-3

583595

o-METHYL CYCLOHEXANOL

583-59-5

591231

m-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL

591-23-1

108112

2-METHYL-4-PENTANOL

Isobutylmethylcarbinol;
Isobutylmethylmethanol;
MAOH;
Methyl amyl alcohol
UN2053

108-11-2

143088

NONANOL

n-Nonyl-alcohol;
Octyl carbinol

143-08-8

OCTANOL

Octyl alcohol;
Heptyl carbinol;
1-Hydroxyoctane

111-87-511875

123966

2-OCTANOL

Capryl alcohol

123-96-6

143282

OLEYL ALCOHOL

Oleol;
cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol ;
Olive alcohol

143-28-2

71410

1-PENTANOL

Amyl alcohol;
n-Butylcarbinol;
Pentyl-alcohol

71-41-0

584021

3-PENTANOL

584-02-1

75854

tert-PENTYL ALCOHOL

tert-Amyl alcohol;
Dimethylethylcarbinol;
Ethyl dimethyl carbinol;
2-Methyl-2-Butanol;
3-Methylbutan-3-ol;
tert-Pentanol

75-85-4

60128

PHENYLETHANOL

Benzyl carbinol;
2-Phenethyl alcohol;
2-Phenylethanol;
Phenylethyl alcohol

60-12-8

71238

PROPANOL

Ethyl carbinol;
1-Hydroxypropane;
Propyl-alcohol;
Propylic alcohol
UN1274

71-23-8

107197

PROPARGYL ALCOHOL

Ethynylcarbinol;
Methanol, Ethyny-1;
1-Propyne-3-ol;
2-Propynyl alcohol

107-19-7

97994

TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL

Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol ;
Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol ;
Tetrahydro-2-furylmethanol;
THFA

97-99-4

112709

TRIDECANOL

Tridecyl alcohol

112-70-9

 

Back

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Colour/Form

Boiling Point (ºC)

Melting Point (ºC)

Molecular Weight

Solubility in Water

Relative Density (water=1)

Relative Vapour Density (air=1)

Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)

Inflam.
Limits

Flash Point (ºC)

Auto Ignition Point (ºC)

ACETIC ACID
64-19-7

rhombic crystals (<16.6 ºC melting point); colourless liquid (16.6 ºC melting point)

118

16.6

60.05

misc

1.0492

2.1

1.6

4 ll
16 ul

39 cc

426

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
108-24-7

colourless, very mobile, strongly refractive liquid

139

-73

102.10

v sol

@ 15 ºC

3.5

0.5

2.9 ll
10.3 ul

49 cc

316

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID
50-78-2

monoclinic tablets or needle-like crystals

135

180.15

sl sol

1.40

@ 25 ºC

ACRYLIC ACID
79-10-7

colourless liquid

141

14

72.06

misc

1.0511

2.5

0.413

2.9 ll
8 ul

54 oc

360

ADIPIC ACID
124-04-9

monoclinic prisms from ethyl acetate, water, or acetone and petroleum ether; fine white crystals or powder

337.5

152

146.14

sl sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

5.04

@ 18.5 ºC

10 ll
15 mg/l ul

196 cc

422

L-ASCORBIC ACID
50-81-7

crystals (usually plates, sometimes needles, monoclinic system); white to slightly yellow crystals or powder

190-192

176.12

v sol

@ 25 ºC

BENZOIC ACID
65-85-0

monoclinic tablets, plates, leaflets; white scales or needle crystals

249.2

122.4

122.13

@ 20 ºC

@ 15 ºC/4 ºC

4.21

@ 96 ºC

121 cc

570

BUTYRIC ACID
107-92-6

oily liquid; colourless liquid

165.5

-7.9

88.10

misc

0.9577

3.0

0.43 mm Hg

2.0 ll
10.0 ul

72 cc

443

BUTYRYL CHLORIDE
141-75-3

colourless liquid

101-102

-89

106.55

slowly with decompo­sition

@ 20.6 ºC/4 ºC

< 21

n-CAPROIC ACID
142-62-1

oily liquid

205.8

-3.4

116.16

insol

0.929

4.01

0.024

1.3 ll
9.3 ul

102 oc

380

CHLORENDIC ACID
115-28-6

crystalline solid

388.84

CHLOROACETIC ACID
79-11-8

monoclinic prisms; colourless or white crystals; colourless to light-brownish crystals

189

(alpha) 63 ; (beta) 55-56 ; (gam­ma) 50

94.50

v sol

1.6

3.26

@ 43 ºC

8.0 ll
? ul

126

>500

o-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID
118-91-2

monoclinic prisms from water

sublimes

142

156.6

sol

1.544

@ 25 ºC

m-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID
535-80-8

crystals; prisms from water

sublimes

158

156.6

v sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

@ 25 ºC

p-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID
74-11-3

triclinic prisms from alcohol and ether; nearly white coarse powder

243

156.6

insol

@ 25 ºC

2-CHLOROPROPIONIC ACID
598-78-7

crystals

186

-12.1

108.53

misc

1.2585

CITRIC ACID
77-92-9

crystals/monoclinic holohedra/crystallize from hot concentrated aq soln; colourless, translucent crystals or white, granular to fine crystalline powder/ rhombic crystals from water with 1 mol of water of crystallization

decomp

153

192.12

v sol

1.665

0.28 ll
2.29 ul

CITRIC ACID HYDRATE
5949-29-1

crystals

decomp

100

sol

1.5

0.28 ll
2.29 ul

1010

CROTONIC ACID
3724-65-0

monoclinic needles or prisms (from water or petroleum ether); colourless needle-like crystals; white crystalline solid

185

71.5-71.7

86.09

v sol

@ 15 ºC/4 ºC; 0.964

2.97

0.024

88

396

DICHLOROACETIC ACID
79-43-6

colourless liquid

194

9.7

128.94

misc

1.56

4.45

0.019

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY­ACETIC ACID
94-75-7

white to yellow crystalline powder; yellow colour is phenolic impurities; colourless powder; white

@ 0.4 mm Hg

138

221.04

insol

1.6

7.6

@ 160 ºC

88 oc

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY­PROPIONIC ACID
120-36-5

colourless crystalline solid; white to tan, crystalline solid

117.5-118.1

235.07

1.42

ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE
6153-56-6

colourless crystals

sublimes

102

10g/100 ml

1.7

3.1

2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID
149-57-5

colourless liquid

228

- 59

144.2

sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

5.0

0.004

0.8 ll
6.0 ul

118 oc

310

FLUOROACETIC ACID
144-49-0

needles; colourless crystals

165

35.2

78.04

sol

@ 36 ºC

@ 25 ºC

FORMIC ACID
64-18-6

colourless liquid

101

8.4

46.00

misc

1.22

1.6

4.4

14 ll
34 ul

69

480-520

FUMARIC ACID
110-17-8

needles, monoclinic prisms or leaflets from water; colourless crystals; white crystalline powder

@ 1.7 mm Hg

300-302

116.07

sl sol

1.635

GALLIC ACID
149-91-7

prisms from water; needles from absolute methanol or chloroform

253

170.1

sl sol

@ 6 ºC/4 ºC

GLYCOLIC ACID
79-14-1

colourless crystals; rhombic needles from water; leaves from ethanol

100

80

76.05

sol

HEPTANOIC ACID
111-14-8

clear oily liquid

223.01

-7.5

130.2

sl sol

0.92

ISOBUTYRIC ACID
79-31-2

colourless liquid

152-155

-47

88.1

v sol

0.950

3.0

@ 14.7 ºC

ISOPHTHALIC ACID
121-91-5

needles

sublimes

347

166.13

sl sol

LACTIC ACID
598-82-3

colourless liquid or colourless crystals

16.8-18

90.08

v sol

>74

LAURIC ACID
143-07-7

colourless solid; white, crystalline powder

298.9

44.2

200.3

insol

0.883

@ 121.0 ºC

MALEIC ACID
110-16-7

monoclinic prisms from water; white crystals from water, alcohol & benzene; colourless crystals

135

138-139

116.07

@ 25 ºC

1.590

4.0

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
108-31-6

orthorhombic needles from chloroform; commercial grades in fused form, as briquettes; colourless needles or white lumps or pellets; needles from chloroform or ether

202.0

52.8

98.06

sol

1.48

3.4

@ 25 ºC

1.4 ll
7.1 ul

102

475

MALONIC ACID
141-82-2

white crystals

decomp

132- 134

104.06

sol

1.63

METHACRYLIC ACID
79-41-4

liquid or colourless crystals; colourless liquid

163

16

86.09

sol

1.0153

2.97

@ 25 ºC

77 oc

2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOACETIC ACID
94-74-6

light brown solid; plates from benzene or toluene; white crystalline solid (pure compd); colourless crystalline solid (pure)

120

200.6

sl sol

@ 25 ºC/15.5 ºC

6.9

0.0002 Pa

METHACRYLIC ACID, 2-DIMETHYLAMINO­ETHYL
2867-47-2

liquid

62-65

-30

157.22

sol

@ 25 ºC/5 ºC

5.4

739 oc

NONANOIC ACID
112-05-0

colourless, oily liquid at ordinary temp; crystallizes when cooled; yellowish oil

255

12.5

158.23

insol

0.9057

OLEIC ACID
112-80-1

colourless or nearly colourless liquid (above 5-7 ºC); yellowish, oily liquid; water-white liquid

@ 100 mm Hg

16.3

282.45

insol

@ 25 ºC

363

OXALIC ACID
144-62-7

anhyd oxalic acid, crystallized from glacial acetic acid is orthorhombic, crystals being pyramidal or elongated octahedra; transparent, colourless crystals or white powder

157

189.5

90.04

sol

@ 17 ºC /4 ºC

PALMITIC ACID
57-10-3

white crystalline scales; needles from alcohol

@ 15 mm Hg

63-64

256.5

insol

@ 62 ºC/4 ºC

@ 154 ºC

PHTHALIC ACID
88-99-3

crystals; plates from water

decomp

210-211

166.13

sl sol

1.59

5.73

168 oc

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
85-44-9

white, lustrous needles; colourless or pale yellow solid flakes; colourless needles; monoclinic or rhombic prisms; white needles from alcohol and benzene

295

130.8

148.11

sl sol

1.527

5.1

0.27 Pa

1.7 ll
10.4. ul

570

PIVALIC ACID
75-98-9

coloured crystals

164

35.5

102.13

sl sol

@ 50 ºC

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE
123-62-6

colourless liquid

167

-45

130.2

decomposes

1.01

4.5

100

1.3 ll
9.5 ul

63

285

PROPIONIC ACID
79-09-4

colourless liquid; oily liquid

141

-20.8

74.09

misc

0.9930

2.56

0.386

2.9 ll
14.8 ul

544

955

SALICYLIC ACID
69-72-7

white, fine, needle-like crystals, or fluffy, white crystalline powder; needles in water; monoclinic prisms in alcohol

211

158

138.12

sl sol

1.443

4.8

0.114

1.1 ll
? ul

157

540

STEARIC ACID
57-11-4

monoclinic leaf from alcohol; white or slightly yellow, crystal masses or powder

@ 15 mm Hg

69

284.50

insol

0.9408

9.80

@ 173.7 ºC

196

395

SUCCINIC ACID
110-15-6

white minute monoclinic prisms; triclinic or monoclinic prisms

235

188

118.09

sl sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

SULPHANILIC ACID
121-57-3

rhombic plates or monoclinic crystals from water

288

173.2

sl sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

TARTARIC ACID
87-69-4

169

150.08

TEREPHTHALIC ACID
100-21-0

needles; white crystals or powder

402

166.13

insol

1.51

< 0.001

260

496

p-tert BUTYLBENZOIC ACID
98-73-7

needles from dilute alcohol

164.5-165.5

178.2

insol

p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID
104-15-4

monoclinic leaflets or prisms; colourless crystals

140

106-107

172.2

v sol

1.24

184 cc

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
76-03-9

crystals; colourless; white solid

197.55

58

163.40

v sol

@ 25 C/4 ºC

@ 51.0 ºC

2,4,5-TRICHLORO­PHENOXYACETIC ACID
93-76-5

white solid; light tan solid

decomp

153

255.5

insol

1.80

< 0.01 mPa

TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
76-05-1

colourless, fuming liquid

73

-15.2

114.02

sol

@ 25 ºC

TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE
552-30-7

crystals; colourless solid

240-245

161-163.5

192.13

reacts

6.6

@ 25 ºC

1 ll
7 ul

VALERIC ACID
109-52-4

colourless liquid

186-187

-34.5

102.15

sol

0.939

3.5

0.020

96 oc

400

 

Back

Chemical Name

CAS-Number

Physical

Chemical

UN Class or Division /  Subsidiary Risks

ACETIC ACID
64-19-7

The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants such as chromium trioxide and potassium permanganate • Reacts violently with strong bases • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas

8

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
108-24-7

The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes and gases including acetic acid • Reacts violently with boiling water, steam, strong oxidants, alcohols, amines, strong bases, and many other compounds • Attacks many metals in presence of water • The liquid is very corrosive, especially in presence of water or moisture

8/ 3

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID
50-78-2

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

The substance decomposes on contact with hot water or when dissolved in solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates • Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed • Reacts with strong oxidants, strong acids, strong bases

ACRYLIC ACID
79-10-7

The vapour is heavier than air • Vapour forms explosive mixture with air

The substance polymerizes readily due to heating, under the influence of light, oxygen, oxidizing agents such as peroxides or other activators (acid, iron salts), with fire or explosion hazard • Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts violently with strong bases and amines • Attacks many metals, including nickel and copper

8/ 3

ADIPIC ACID
124-04-9

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc.

The substance decomposes on heating producing volatile acidic vapours of valeric acid and other substances • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with oxidizing materials

L-ASCORBIC ACID
50-81-7

The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals in presence of water

BENZOIC ACID
65-85-0

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

The solution in water is a weak acid • Reacts with oxidants

BUTYRIC ACID
107-92-6

8

n-CAPROIC ACID
142-62-1

May explode on heating • On combustion, forms toxic/irritant gases • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants (for instance chromium trioxide) causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts vigorously with bases causing heat and pressure rise hazard • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas

8

CHLOROACETIC ACID
79-11-8

The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive gases (hydrogen chloride, phosgene) • The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive

6.1/ 8

CITRIC ACID
77-92-9

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

Reacts with oxidants, reductants, bases

CITRIC ACID HYDRATE
5949-29-1

The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with metal nitrates • Reacts with strong bases and oxidants • The substance will corrode copper, zinc, aluminium, and their alloys

CROTONIC ACID
3724-65-0

The substance may polymerize under the influence of UV-light or moisture • The solution in water is a weak acid • Reacts violently with bases, oxidants, reducing agents, causing fire and explosion hazard

8

DICHLOROACETIC ACID
79-43-6

The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes (phosgene, hydrogen chloride) • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals forming flammable hydrogen gas • Attacks rubber

8

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID
94-75-7

The substance decomposes on heating producing hydrogen chloride and phosgene • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard

ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE
6153-56-6

The substance decomposes on rapid heating above about 150°C producing toxic gas • The solution in water is a medium strong acid which reacts violently with strong bases • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with silver, forming explosive products

2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
149-57-5

As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated • Vapour mixes readily with air

The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • Reacts with strong oxidants

FLUOROACETIC ACID
144-49-0

6.1

FORMIC ACID
64-18-6

The substance decomposes on heating producing carbon monoxide • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants • Reacts violently with strong bases causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks many metals in presence of water • Attacks many plastics

8

ISOBUTYRIC ACID
79-31-2

3/ 8

LACTIC ACID
598-82-3

The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals in presence of water

MALEIC ACID
110-16-7

On combustion, forms irritating smoke (maleic anhydride) • The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing highly irritating fumes (maleic anhydride) • The solution in water is a medium strong acid

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
108-31-6

The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Reacts with strong oxidants

8

METHACRYLIC ACID
79-41-4

The substance polymerizes easily due to heating or under the presence of light, oxygen, oxidizing agents such as peroxides, or in the presence of traces of hydrochloric acid, with fire or explosion hazard • The substance decomposes on heating producing acrid fumes • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks metals

8

2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOACETIC ACID
94-74-6

The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride • The substance is a weak acid

OXALIC ACID
144-62-7

On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming formic acid and carbon monoxide • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with some silver compounds to form explosive silver oxalate

PALMITIC ACID
57-10-3

On heating forms carbon oxides • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with bases, oxidants, and reducing agents

PHTALIC ANHYDRIDE
85-44-9

8

PHTHALIC ACID
88-99-3

The solution in water is a medium strong acid

PROPIONIC ACID
79-09-4

The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts with oxidants • Attacks many metals in presence of water

8

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE
123-62-6

The vapour is heavier than air

On combustion, forms toxic gases • Reacts with oxidants, bases and water

8

SALICYLIC ACID
69-72-7

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

The substance decomposes on heating producing phenol vapours • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with strong bases and strong oxidants

STEARIC ACID
57-11-4

The substance decomposes on heating producing carbon oxides • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with bases, oxidants and reducing agents

SULPHANILIC ACID
121-57-3

On combustion, forms toxic gases of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxides • The substance decomposes on heating • Reacts with oxidants

TEREPHTHALIC ACID
100-21-0

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

Reacts violently with strong oxidants

p-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID
104-15-4

The substance decomposes on burning producing carbon oxides and sulphur oxides • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Attacks many metals forming extremely flammable gas

2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
93-76-5

6.1

TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
76-05-1

8

TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE
552-30-7

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc

Reacts violently with oxidants • Reacts slowly with water to form trimellitic acid

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; 7 = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance.

 

Back

Chemical Name

CAS-Number

ICSC Short-Term Exposure

ICSC Long-Term Exposure

ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

ACETIC ACID     64-19-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Inhalation: sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, laboured breathing, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, serious skin burns, pain

Eyes: pain, redness, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting

Resp sys; skin; eyes; teeth Inh; con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; derm; conj; cough; CNS depres; delayed pulm edema; in animals: kidney, repro, terato effects

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE       108-24-7

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: corrosive, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: corrosive, redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: corrosive, redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, sore throat, collapse

Resp sys; skin; eyes Inh; con

Conj, lac, corn edema, opac, photo; nasal, phar irrit; cough, dysp, bron; skin burns, vesic, sens derm

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 50-78-2

eyes; skin; resp tract

liver; kidneys; bladder; GI tract; CVS; CNS; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, dullness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; blood; liver; kidney Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; incr blood clotting time; nau, vomit; liver, kidney inj

ACRYLIC ACID   79-10-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, nasal discharge, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: severe burns to lips, mouth and throat, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, unconsciousness, shock

Eyes, skin, resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; eye, skin burns; skin sens; in animals: lung, liver, kidney inj

ADIPIC ACID      124-04-9

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

L-ASCORBIC ACID          50-81-7

eyes; resp tract

Inhalation: cough

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: only in case of large amount ingested: diarrhoea, vomiting

BENZOIC ACID   65-85-0

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, irritant

Skin: redness, irritant

Eyes: redness, irritant, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

n-CAPROIC ACID            142-62-1

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, burning sensation, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

CHLOROACETIC ACID     79-11-8

Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: corrosive, may be absorbed, redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, collapse

CITRIC ACID      77-92-9

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: cough

CITRIC ACID HYDRATE     5949-29-1

eyes; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: sore throat, mild burning sensation

CROTONIC ACID 3724-65-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: skin burns, burning sensation, pain

Eyes: pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting

DICHLOROACETIC ACID  79-43-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, unconsciousness, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, sore throat, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID     94-75-7

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: headache, nausea, weakness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, headache, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness

Skin; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; abs; ing; con

Weak, stupor, hyporeflexia, musc twitch; convuls; derm; in animals: liver, kidney inj

ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE       6153-56-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; kidneys

kidneys

Inhalation: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness, skin burns, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, sore throat, vomiting, weakness, convulsions

2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID 149-57-5

eyes; skin; resp tract

liver

Skin: rednessEyes: redness, pain

FLUOROACETIC ACID     144-49-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; CVS; CNS; kidneys

FORMIC ACID     64-18-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, serious skin burns, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, throat; skin burns; derm; lac; rhin; cough, dysp; nau

LACTIC ACID      598-82-3

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, skin burns, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, nausea, sore throat, vomiting

MALEIC ACID     110-16-7

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin; kidneys

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness, skin burns, severe irritant

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: burning sensation, see inhalation ,

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE       108-31-6

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, headache, laboured breathing, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting

Skin: redness, skin burns

Eyes: redness, pain, lacrymation, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal pain

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con

Irrit nose, upper resp sys; conj; photo, double vision; bronchial asthma; derm

METHACRYLIC ACID       79-41-4

eyes; skin; mucous membranes; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness, skin burns, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, burning sensation, weakness

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; eye, skin burns

2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENO­ACETIC ACID     94-74-6

eyes; skin; resp tract

birth defects

Inhalation: headache, nausea

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness

OXALIC ACID     144-62-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; kidneys

skin; kidneys

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, skin burns, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, loss of vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: burning sensation, drowsiness, sore throat, vomiting, shock, low back pain

Resp sys; skin; kidneys; eyes Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; eye burns; local pain, cyan; shock, collapse, convuls; kidney damage

PALMITIC ACID  57-10-3

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Eyes: redness

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE    85-44-9

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin; lungs

Resp sys; eyes; skin; liver; kidneys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; conj; nasal ulcer bleeding; bron, bronchial asthma; derm; in animals: liver, kidney damage

PHTHALIC ACID  88-99-3

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: cough

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

PROPIONIC ACID           79-09-4

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: skin burns, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, sore throat, vomiting,

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; blurred vision, com burns; skin burns; abdom pain, nau, vomit

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE 123-62-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: redness, skin burns

Eyes: redness, severe deep burns

Ingestion: sore throat, burns

SALICYLIC ACID 69-72-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: nausea, vomiting, ear ringing

STEARIC ACID   57-11-4

eyes

lungs

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: constipation

SULPHANILIC ACID         121-57-3

eyes; skin; resp tract; blood

skin; lungs

Inhalation: blue lips or finger nails, blue skin, cough, dizziness, headache, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: blue lips or fingernails, blue skin, dizziness, headache, laboured breathing

TEREPHTHALIC ACID      100-21-0

eyes; skin

Inhalation: cough, irritant

Skin: redness, mild irritant

Eyes: redness, irritant

p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID     104-15-4

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: burning sensation, sore throat

2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID     93-76-5

eyes; skin; resp tract

Skin; liver; GI tract Inh; ing; con

In animals: ataxia; skin irrit, acne-like rash, liver damage

TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE     552-30-7

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; blood

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, wheezing, chills

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Eyes; skin; resp sys abs

Irrit eyes, skin; nose; resp sys; pulm edema, resp sens; rhinitis, asthma, cough, wheez, dysp, mal, fever, musc aches, sneez

VALERIC ACID   109-52-4

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS

 

Back

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

64197

ACETIC ACID

Ethanoic acid;
Ethylic acid;
Methanecarboxylic acid
UN2789
UN2790

64-19-7

108247

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

Acetanhydride;
Acetic oxide;
Acetyl anhydride;
Acetyl ether;
Acetyl oxide;
Ethanoic anhydrate
UN1715

108-24-7

50782

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID

Acetosalic acid;
o-Acetoxybenzoic acid;
2-Acetoxybenzoic acid;
Salicylic acid, acetate;
Aspirin

50-78-2

79107

ACRYLIC ACID

Ethylenecarboxylic acid;
Propene acid;
Propenoic acid
UN2218

79-10-7

124049

ADIPIC ACID

Adipinic acid;
1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid;
Hexanedioic acid;
1,6-Hexanedioic acid

124-04-9

50817

L-ASCORBIC ACID

3-Keto-l-gulofuranolactone;
L-3-Ketothreohexuronic acid lactone;
Vitamin C

50-81-7

65850

BENZOIC ACID

Benzenecarboxylic acid;
Benzeneformic acid;
Benzenemethanoic acid;
Benzoate;
Phenyl carboxylic acid;
Phenylformic acid

65-85-0

107926

BUTYRIC ACID

Butanic acid;
Butanoic acid;
n-Butyric acid;
Butyric acid;
Ethylacetic acid;
1-Propanecarboxylic acid;
Propylformic acid
UN2820

107-92-6

142621

n-CAPROIC ACID

Butylacetic acid;
Capronic acid;
n-Hexanoic acid;
N-Hexoic acid;
Pentanecarboxylic acid;
Pentiformic acid;
Pentylformic acid
UN2829

142-62-1

115286

CHLORENDIC ACID

1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid;
Hexachloro-endo-­Methylenetetrahydrophthalic acid

115-28-6

79118

CHLOROACETIC ACID

Monochloroacetic acid;
Monochloroethanoic acid
UN1750
UN1751

79-11-8

118912

o-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID

2-CBA;
2-Chlorobenzoic acid

118-91-2

535808

m-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID

3-Chlorobenzoic acid

535-80-8

74113

p-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID

p-Carboxychlorobenzene;
4-Chlorobenzoic acid;
Chlorodracylic acid

74-11-3

598787

2-CHLOROPROPIONIC ACID

a-Chloropropionic acid
UN2511

598-78-7

94746

4-CHLORO-o-TOLOXYACETIC ACID

4-Chloro-o-cresoxyacetic acid;
(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid;

94-74-6

77929

CITRIC ACID

Citro;
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid;
b-Hydroxytricarballylic acid

77-92-9

5949291

CITRIC ACID HYDRATE

1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxy-, monohydrate

5949-29-1

3724650

CROTONIC ACID

a-Butenoic acid;
b-Methylacrylic acid;
3-Methylacrylic acid
UN2823

3724-65-0

79436

DICHLORACETIC ACID

Bichloracetic acid;
2,2-Dichloroacetic acid;
Dichloroethanoic acid
UN1764

79-43-6

94757

2,4-DICHLORPHENOXYACETIC ACID

2,4-D;
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

94-75-7

149575

2-ETHYLHEXOIC ACID

Butylethylacetic acid;
a-Ethylcaproic acid;
2-Ethylhexanoic acid;

149-57-5

144490

FLUOROACETIC ACID

Pymonic acid;
Fluoroacetate;
Fluoroethanoic acid;
Monofluoroacetate;
Monofluoroacetic acid
UN2642

144-49-0

64186

FORMIC ACID

Aminic acid;
Formylic acid;
Hydrogen carboxylic acid;
Methanoic acid
UN1779

64-18-6

110178

FUMARIC ACID

trans-Butenedioic acid;
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid;
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid

110-17-8

149917

GALLIC ACID

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

149-91-7

79141

GLYCOLIC ACID

Hydroxyacetic acid;
Hydroxyethanoic acid

79-14-1

111148

HEPTANOIC ACID

n-Heptoic acid;
Heptylic acid;
1-Hexanecarboxylic acid;
Oenanthic acid;
Oenanthylic acid

111-14-8

79312

ISOBUTYRIC ACID

Dimethylacetic acid;
Isopropylformic acid;
2-Methylpropanoic acid;
2-Methylpropionic acid
UN2529

79-31-2

121915

ISOPHTHALIC ACID

Benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;
m-Benzenedicarboxylic acid;
m-Phthalic acid

121-91-5

143077

LAURIC ACID

Dodecanoic acid;
Dodecoic acid;
Duodecylic acid;
Laurostearic acid;
1-Undecanecarboxylic acid

143-07-7

110167

MALEIC ACID

cis-Butenedioic acid;
cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid;
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid;
Maleinic acid;
Malenic acid;
Toxilic acid

110-16-7

108316

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

cis-Butenedioic anhydride;
2,5-Furandione;
Maleic acid anhydride;
Toxilic anhydride
UN2215

108-31-6

141822

MALONIC ACID

Carboxyacetic acid;
Dicarboxymethane;
Methanedicarboxylic acid;
Propanedioic acid

141-82-2

90642

MANDELIC ACID

a-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid;
a-Hydroxy-a-toluic acid;
Paramandelic acid;
Phenylglycolic acid;
Phenylhydroxyacetic acid

90-64-2

79414

METHACRYLIC ACID

Methacrylic acid;
2-Methylpropenoic acid
UN2531

79-41-4

112050

NONANOIC ACID

n-Nonylic acid;
1-Octanecarboxylic acid;
Pelargonic acid

112-05-0

112801

9-OCTADECENOIC ACID

cis-9-Octadecenoic acid;
9,10-Octadecenoic acid;
Oleic acid;
Oleinic acid

112-80-1

144627

OXALIC ACID

Ethanedioic acid;
Ethanedionic acid

144-62-7

57103

PALMITIC ACID

Cetylic acid;
Hexadecanoic acid;
n-hexadecoic acid;
Hexadecylic acid;
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid

57-10-3

88993

PHTHALIC ACID

Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid;
o-benzenedicarboxylic acid;
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid;
o-Dicarboxybenzene;
o-Phthalic acid

88-99-3

85449

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid anhydride;
1,3-Dioxophthalan;
1,3-Isobenzofurandione;
Phthalandione;
1,3-Phthalandione;
Phthalic acid anhydride
UN2214

85-44-9

75989

PIVALIC ACID

2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid;
a,a-Dimethylpropionic acid;
2,2-Dimethylpropionic acid;
Neopentanoic acid;
tert-Pentanoic acid;
Propanoic acid;
Trimethylacetic acid

75-98-9

79094

PROPIONIC ACID

Carboxyethane;
Ethanecarboxylic acid;
Ethylformic acid;
Metacetonic acid;
Methyl acetic acid;
Propanoic acid
UN1848

79-09-4

123626

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE

Methylacetic anhydride;
Propanoic anhydride;
Propionic acid anhydride;
Propionyl oxide
UN2496

123-62-6

98737

p-tert-BUTYL BENZOIC ACID

p-TBBA

98-73-7

104154

p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID

p-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid;
4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid;
p-Methylphenylsulfonic acid;
Toluenesulfonic acid;
4-Toluenesulfonic acid

104-15-4

69727

SALICYLIC ACID

o-Hydroxybenzoic acid;
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid;
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid

69-72-7

57114

STEARIC ACID

Cetylacetic acid;
1-Heptadecanecarboxylic acid;
Octadecanoic acid

57-11-4

110156

SUCCINIC ACID

butanedioic acid;
1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid;
Ethylenesuccinic acid

110-15-6

121573

SULPHANILIC-ACID

p-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid;
4-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid;
p-Aminophenylsulphonic acid;
Aniline-p-sulphonic acid;
Aniline-4-sulphonic acid

121-57-3

87694

TARTARIC ACID

2,3-Dihydrosuccinic acid;
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid;
Threaric acid

87-69-4

100210

TEREPHTHALIC ACID

p-Benzenedicarboxylic acid;
1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid

100-21-0

76039

TRICHLORACETIC ACID

TCA
UN1839
UN2564

76-03-9

93765

TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

2,4,5-T

93-76-5

76051

TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID

Perfluoroacetic acid;
Trifluoroethanoic acid;
TFA
UN2699

76-05-1

552307

TRIMELLIC ACID ANHYDRIDE

4-Carboxyphthalic anhydride;
1,3-Dioxo-5-Phthalancarboxylic acid;
5-Phthalanacarboxylic acid;
1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride

552-30-7

109524

VALERIC ACID

Butanecarboxylic acid;
1-Butanecarboxylic acid;
Pentanoic acid;
Propylacetic acid

109-52-4

 

Back

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Colour/Form

Boiling Point (ºC)

Melting Point (ºC)

Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Solubility In Water

Relative Density (water=1)

Relative Vapour Density
(air=1)

Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)

Inflam. Limits

Flash Point (ºC)

Auto Ignition Point (ºC)

BORIC ACID
10043-35-3

colourless, transparent crystals or white granules or powder

300

169

61.84

1 g/18 ml

@ 15 ºC

CARBONIC ACID
2582-30-1

63.03

sol

CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID
7790-94-5

colourless or slightly yellow liquid

@ 755 mm Hg

-80

116.53

1.753

4.02

@ 32 ºC

FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID
7789-21-1

colourless liquid; reddish-brown colour with acetone

163

-89

100.07

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
7647-01-0

colourless liquid

-85

-114

36.46

82.3 g/100 ml

@ 15 ºC/4 ºC

1.3

HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID
16872-11-0

colourless liquid

130

87.82

misc

1.84

NITRIC ACID
7697-37-2

transparent colourless or yellowish liquid

83

-42

63.01

sol

@ 25 ºC/4 ºC

2-3

6.4

PERCHLORIC ACID
7601-90-3

colourless, oily liquid

@ 11 mm Hg

-112

100.47

misc

@ 22 ºC

PHOSPHORIC ACID
7664-38-2

unstable orthorhombic crystals or clear syrupy liquid; at 20 deg C, the 50 and 75% strengths are mobile liquids, the 85% is of a syrupy consistency, while the 100% acid is in the form of crystals; viscous, colourless, odorless liquid

213

42.4

98.00

v sol

3.4

4.0

SILICIC ACID
7699-41-4

jelly-like precipitate obtained when sodium silicate solution is acified during drying jelly is converted to a white amorphous powder.

SULPHAMIC ACID
5329-14-6

orthorhombic crystals; white crystalline solid

205

97.10

sol

2.15

SULPHURIC ACID
7664-93-9

clear, colourless, oily liquid when pure but brownish in hue when impure

290

10.4

98.08

sol

1.841

3.4

0.13

 

Back

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Physical

Chemical

UN Class Or Division / Subsidiary Risks

CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID
7790-94-5

8

FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID
7789-21-1

8

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
7647-01-0

The gas is heavier than air

The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Reacts violently with oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine) • On contact with air it emits corrosive fumes (hydrochloric acid) • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas (HYDROGEN)

8

HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID
16872-11-0

8

NITRIC ACID
7697-37-2

The substance decomposes on warming producing nitrogen oxides • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials, eg, turpentine, charcoal, alcohol • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive to metals • Reacts very violently with organic chemicals (eg, acetone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride), causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks some plastics

8

PERCHLORIC ACID
7601-90-3

5.1/ 8

PHOSPHORIC ACID
7664-38-2

The substance violently polymerizes under the influence of azo compounds, epoxides and other polymerizable compounds • On combustion, forms toxic fumes (phosphorous oxides) • The substance decomposes on contact with metals, alcohols, aldehydes, cyanides, ketones, phenols, esters, sulfides, halogenated organics producing toxic fumes • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks metals to liberate flammable hydrogen gas

8

SULPHAMIC ACID
5329-14-6

8

SULPHURIC ACID
7664-93-9

On combustion, forms toxic fumes (sulphur oxides) • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive to most common metals forming a flammable/explosive gas (hydrogen) • Reacts violently with water and organic materials with evolution of heat • Upon heating, irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) (sulphur oxides) are formed

8

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance.

 

Back

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:36

Acids, Inorganic: Health Hazards

Chemical Name            Cas-Number

ICSC Short Term Exposure

ICSC Long Term Exposure

ICSC Routes Of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes Of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

HYDROCHLORIC ACID     7647-01-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

lungs; teeth

Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: corrosive, serious skin burns, pain

Eyes: corrosive, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

resp sys; eyes; skininh, ing,(soln),con

Irrit nose, throat, larynx; cough, choking; derm; soln: eye, skin burns; liq: frostbite; in animals: lar spasm; pulm edema

NITRIC ACID      7697-37-2

Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, unconsciousness, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: corrosive, serious skin burns, pain, yellow discolouration

Eyes: corrosive, redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, burning sensation, shock

eyes; resp sys; skin; teethinh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; delayed pulm edema, Pneuitis, bron; dental erosion

PHOSPHORIC ACID     7664-38-2

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, confusion, laboured breathing sore throat, unconsciousness, weakness

resp sys; eyes; skininh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; eye, skin burns; derm

SULPHAMIC ACID     5329-14-6

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

SULPHURIC ACID     7664-93-9

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: corrosive, redness, serious skin burns, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, burning sensation, vomiting, collapse

resp sys; eyes; skin; teethinh, ing, con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; pulm edema, bron; emphy; conj; stomatis; dental erosion; trachbronc; eye, skin burns; derm

 

Back

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:33

Acids, Inorganic: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

B(OH)3

BORIC ACID

Boracic acid;
Orthoboric acid

10043-35-3

HClSO3

CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID

Chlorosulphonic acid;
Monochlorosulphuric acid;
Sulphonic acid monochloride;
Sulphuric chlorohydrin
UN1754
UN2240

7790-94-5

HFSO3

FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID

Fluorosulphonic acid;
Fluosulphonic acid
UN1777

7789-21-1

HCl

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Anhydrous hydrochloric acid;
Chlorohydric acid;
Hydrochloride;
Hydrogen chloride
UN1050
UN1789
UN2186

7647-01-0

HBF4

HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID

Borofluoric acid;
Fluoboric acid;
Hydrogen tetrafluoroborate;
Tetrafluoroboric acid
UN1775

16872-11-0

HNO3

NITRIC ACID

Agua fortis;
Azotic acid
UN2032

7697-37-2

HClO4

PERCHLORIC ACID

Perchloric acid
UN1802
UN1873

7601-90-3

H3PO4

PHOSPHORIC ACID

Orthophosphoric acid
UN1805

7664-38-2

SiH2O3

SILICIC ACID

Metasilicic acid;
Precipitated silica;
Silica gel

7699-41-4

NH2SO3 H

SULFAMIC ACID

Amidosulphonic acid;
Amidosulphuric acid
UN2967

5329-14-6

H2SO4

SULPHURIC ACID

Dihydrogen sulphate
UN1830
UN1832

7664-93-9

 

Back

Page 18 of 122

" DISCLAIMER: The ILO does not take responsibility for content presented on this web portal that is presented in any language other than English, which is the language used for the initial production and peer-review of original content. Certain statistics have not been updated since the production of the 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia (1998)."

Contents

Health Care Facilities and Services References

Abdo, R and H Chriske. 1990. HAV-Infektionsrisiken im Krankenhaus, Altenheim und Kindertagesstätten. In Arbeitsmedizin im Gesundheitsdienst, Band 5, edited by F Hofmann and U Stössel. Stuttgart: Gentner Verlag.

Acton, W. 1848. On the advantages of caouchoue and gutta-percha in protecting the skin against the contagion of animal poisons. Lancet 12:588.

Ahlin, J. 1992. Interdisciplinary case studies in offices in Sweden. In Corporate Space and Architecture. Vol. 2. Paris: Ministére de l’équipment et du logement.

Akinori, H and O Hiroshi. 1985. Analysis of fatigue and health conditions among hospital nurses. J Science of Labour 61:517-578.

Allmeers, H, B Kirchner, H Huber, Z Chen, JW Walter, and X Baur. 1996. The latency period between exposure and the symptoms in allergy to natural latex: Suggestions for prevention. Dtsh Med Wochenschr 121 (25/26):823-828.

Alter, MJ. 1986. Susceptibility to varicella zoster virus among adults at high risk for exposure. Infec Contr Hosp Epid 7:448-451.

—. 1993. The detection, transmission, and outcome of hepatitis C infection. Infect Agents Dis 2:155-166.

Alter, MJ, HS Margolis, K Krawczynski, FN Judson, A Mares, WJ Alexander, PY Hu, JK Miller, MA Gerber, and RE Sampliner. 1992. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. New Engl J Med 327:1899-1905.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1991. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th edition. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH.

—. 1994. TLVs: Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1994-1995. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH.

American Hospital Association (AHA). 1992. Implementing Safer Needle Practice. Chicago, IL: AHA.

American Institute of Architects. 1984. Determining Hospital Space Requirements. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press.

American Institute of Architects Committee on Architecture for Health. 1987. Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities. Washington, DC: American Institute of Acrchitects Press.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 1987. Health facilities. In ASHRAE Handbook: Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning Systems and Applications. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.

Anon. 1996. New drugs for HIV infection. Medical Letter of Drugs and Therapeutics 38:37.

Axelsson, G, R Rylander, and I Molin. 1989. Outcome of pregnancy in relation to irregular and inconvenient work schedules. Brit J Ind Med 46:393-398.

Beatty, J SK Ahern, and R Katz. 1977. Sleep deprivation and the vigilance of anesthesiologists during simulated surgery. In Vigilance, edited by RR Mackie. New York: Plenum Press.

Beck-Friis, B, P Strang, and PO Sjöden. 1991. Work stress and job satisfaction in hospital-based home care. Journal of Palliative Care 7(3):15-21.

Benenson, AS (ed.). 1990. Control of Communicable Disease in Man, 15th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

Bertold, H, F Hofmann, M Michaelis, D Neumann-Haefelin, G Steinert, and J Wölfle. 1994. Hepatitis C—Risiko für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitsdienst? In Arbeitsmedizin im Gesundheitsdienst, Band 7, edited by F Hofmann, G Reschauer, and U Stössel. Stuttgart: Gentner Verlag.

Bertram, DA. 1988. Characteristics of shifts and second-year resident performance in an emergency department. NY State J Med 88:10-14.

Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW). 1994. Geschäftsbericht.

Bissel, L and R Jones. 1975. Disabled doctors ignored by peers. Presented at the American Medical Association Conference on the Imparied Physician, 11 April, San Francisco, CA.

Bitker, TE. 1976. Reaching out to the depressed physician. JAMA 236(15):1713-1716.

Blanchard, M, MM Cantel, M Faivre, J Girot, JP Ramette, D Thely, and M Estryn-Béhar. 1992. Incidence des rythmes biologiques sur le travail de nuit. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital, edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. Toulouse: Edition Octares.

Blanpain, C and M Estryn-Béhar. 1990. Measures d’ambiance physique dans dix services hospitaliers. Performances 45:18-33.

Blaycock, B. 1995. Latex allergies: Overview, prevention and implications for nursing care. Ostomy Wound Manage 41(5):10-12,14-15.

Blazer, MJ, FJ Hickman, JJ Farmer, and DJ Brenner. 1980. Salmonella typhi: The laboratory as a reservoir of infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 142:934-938.

Blow, RJ and MIV Jayson. 1988. Back pain. In Fitness for Work: The Medical Approach, edited by FC Edwards, RL McCallum, and PJ Taylor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Boehm, G and E Bollinger. 1990. Significance of environmental factors on the tolerated enteral feeding volumes for patients in neonatal intensive care units. Kinderarzliche Praxis 58(6):275-279.

Bongers, P, RD Winter, MAJ Kompier, and VV Hildebrandt. 1992. Psychosocial Factors at Work and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Review of the literature. Leiden, Netherlands: TNO.

Bouhnik, C, M Estryn-Béhar, B Kapitaniak, M Rocher, and P Pereau. 1989. Le roulage dans les établissements de soins. Document pour le médecin du travail. INRS 39:243-252.

Boulard, R. 1993. Les indices de santé mentale du personnel infirmier: l’impact de la charge de travail, de l’autonomie et du soutien social. In La psychologie du travail à l’aube du XXI° siècle. Actes du 7° Congrès de psychologie du travail de langue française. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Editions EAP.

Breakwell, GM. 1989. Facing Physical Violence. London: British Psychological Society.

Bruce, DL and MJ Bach. 1976. Effects of Trace Concentrations of Anesthetic Gases on Behavioral Performance of Operating Room Personnel. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-169. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

Bruce, DL, KA Eide, HW Linde, and JE Eckenhoff. 1968. Causes of death among anesthesiologists: A 20 years survey. Anesthesiology 29:565-569.

Bruce, DL, KA Eide, NJ Smith, F Seltzer, and MH Dykes. 1974. A prospective survey of anesthesiologists’ mortality, 1967-1974. Anesthesiology 41:71-74.

Burhill, D, DA Enarson, EA Allen, and S Grzybowski. 1985. Tuberculosis in female nurses in British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J 132:137.

Burke, FJ, MA Wilson, and JF McCord. 1995. Allergy to latex gloves in clinical practice: Case reports. Quintessence Int 26(12):859-863.

Buring, JE, CH Hennekens, SL Mayrent, B Rosner, ER Greenberg, and T Colton. 1985. Health experiences of operating room personnel. Anesthesiology 62: 325-330.

Burton, R. 1990. St. Mary’s Hospital, Isle of Wight: A suitable background for caring. Brit Med J 301:1423-1425.

Büssing, A. 1993. Stress and burnout in nursing: Studies in different work structures and work schedules. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Cabal, C, D Faucon, H Delbart, F Cabal, and G Malot. 1986. Construction d’une blanchisserie industrielle aux CHU de Saint-Etienne. Arch Mal Prof 48(5):393-394.

Callan, JR, RT Kelly, ML Quinn, JW Gwynne, RA Moore, FA Muckler, J Kasumovic, WM Saunders, RP Lepage, E Chin, I Schoenfeld, and DI Serig. 1995. Human Factors Evaluation of Remote Afterloading Brachytherapy. NUREG/CR-6125. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Cammock, R. 1981. Primary Health Care Buildings: Briefing and Design Guide for Architects and Their Clients. London: Architectural Press.

Cardo, D, P Srivastava, C Ciesielski, R Marcus, P McKibben, D Culver, and D Bell. 1995. Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood (abstract). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 suppl:20.

Carillo, T, C Blanco, J Quiralte, R Castillo, M Cuevas, and F Rodriguez de Castro. 1995. Prevalence of latex allergy among greenhouse workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(5/1):699-701.

Catananti, C and A Cambieri. 1990. Igiene e Tecnica Ospedaliera (Hospital Hygiene and Organization). Roma: II Pensiero Scientifico Editore.

Catananti, C, G Damiani, G Capelli, and G Manara. 1993. Building design and selection of materials and furnishings in the hospital: A review of international guidelines. In Indoor Air ’93, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2:641-646.

Catananti, C, G Capelli, G Damiani, M Volpe, and GC Vanini. 1994. Multiple criteria evaluation in planning selection of materials for health care facilities. Preliminary identification of criteria and variables. In Healthy Buildings ’94, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference 1:103-108.

Cats-Baril, WL and JW Frymoyer. 1991. The economics of spinal disorders. In The Adult Spine, edited by JW Frymoyer. New York: Raven Press.

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1982. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Precautions for clinical laboratory staffs. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 31:577-580.

—. 1983. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Precautions for health-care workers and allied professionals. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 32:450-451.

—. 1987a. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in health-care workers exposed to blood of infected patients. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 36:285-289.

—. 1987b. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 36 suppl 2:3S-18S.

—. 1988a. Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 37:377-382,387-388.

—. 1988b. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 37 suppl 6:1-37.

—. 1989. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 38 suppl 6.

—. 1990. Public Health Service statement on management of occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus, including considerations regarding post-exposure use. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 39 (No. RR-1).

—. 1991a. Hepatitis B virus: A comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 40 (No. RR-13).

—. 1991b. Recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 40 (No. RR-8).

—. 1993a. Recommended infection-control practices in dentistry. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 42 (No. RR-8):1-12.

—. 1993b. Biosafety in Microbial and Biomedical Laboratories, 3rd edition. DHHS (CDC) Publication No. 93-8395. Atlanta, GA: CDC.

—. 1994a. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Vol. 5(4). Atlanta, GA: CDC.

—. 1994b. HIV/AIDS Prevention Newsletter. Vol. 5(4). Atlanta, GA: CDC.

—. 1994c. Human immunodeficiency virus in household settings—United States. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 43:347-356.

—. 1994d. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Vol. 6(1). Atlanta, GA: CDC.

—. 1994e. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 43 (No. RR-13):5-50.

—. 1995. Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health-care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood—France, United Kingdom, and United States. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 44:929-933.

—. 1996a. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Vol 8(2). Atlanta, GA: CDC.

—. 1996b. Update: Provisional Public Health Service recommendations for chemoprophylaxis after occupational exposure to HIV. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 45:468-472.

Charney, W (ed.). 1994. Essentials of Modern Hospital Safety. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.

Chou, T, D Weil, and P Arnmow. 1986. Prevalence of measles antibodies in hospital personnel. Infec Contr Hosp Epid 7:309-311.

Chriske, H and A Rossa. 1991. Hepatitis-C-Infektionsgefährdung des medizinischen Personals. In Arbeitsmedizin im Gesundheitsdienst, Band 5, edited by F Hofmann and U Stössel. Stuttgart: Gentner Verlag.

Clark, DC, E Salazar-Gruesco, P Grabler, J Fawcett. 1984. Predictors of depression during the first 6 months of internship. Am J Psychiatry 141:1095-1098.

Clemens, R, F Hofmann, H Berthold, and G Steinert. 1992. Prävalenz von Hepatitis, A, B und C bei Bewohern einer Einrichtung für geistig Behinderte. Sozialpädiatrie 14:357-364.

Cohen, EN. 1980. Anasthetic Exposure in the Workplace. Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing Co.

Cohen, EN, JW Bellville, and BW Brown, Jr. 1971. Anesthesia, pregnancy and miscarriage: A study of operating room nurses and anesthetists. Anesthesiology 35:343-347.

—. 1974. Occupational disease among operating room personnel: A national study. Anesthesiology 41:321-340.

—. 1975. A survey of anethestic health hazards among dentists. J Am Dent Assoc 90:1291-1296.

Commission of the European Communities. 1990. Recommendation of the Commission February 21, 1990, about Protection of People against Exposure to Radon in Indoor Environments. 90/143/Euratom (Italian Translation).

Cooper, JB. 1984. Toward prevention of anesthesic mishaps. International Anesthesiology Clinics 22:167-183.

Cooper, JB, RS Newbower, and RJ Kitz. 1984. An analysis of major errors and equipment failures in anesthesia management: Considerations for prevention and detection. Anesthesiology 60(1):34-42.

Costa, G, R Trinco, and G Schallenberg. 1992. Problems of thermal comfort in an operating room equipped with laminar air flow system In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar M, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Cristofari, M-F, M Estryn-Béhar, M Kaminski, and E Peigné. 1989. Le travail des femmes à l’hôpital. Informations Hospitalières 22/23:48-62.

Council of the European Communities. 1988. Directive December 21, 1988, to Draw Near the Laws of Member Countries about Building Products. 89/106/EEC (Italian translation).

de Chambost, M. 1994. Alarmes sonnantes, soignantes trébuchantes. Objectif soins 26:63-68.

de Keyser, V and AS Nyssen. 1993. Les erreurs humaines en anesthésies. Le Travail humain 56(2/3):243-266.

Decree of the President of Ministers Council. 1986. Directive to the Regions about Private Health Care Facilities Requirements. 27 June.

Dehlin, O, S Berg, GBS Andersson, and G Grimby. 1981. Effect of physical training and ergonomic counselling on the psychosocial perception of work and on the subjective assesment of low-back insuffuciency. Scand J Rehab 13:1-9.

Delaporte, MF, M Estryn-Béhar, G Brucker, E Peigne, and A Pelletier. 1990. Pathologie dermatologique et exercice professionnel en milieu hospitalier. Arch Mal Prof 51(2):83-88.

Denisco, RA, JN Drummond, and JS Gravenstein. 1987. The effect of fatigue on the performance of a simulated anesthetic monitoring task. J Clin Monit 3:22-24.

Devienne, A, D Léger, M Paillard, A Dômont. 1995. Troubles du sommeil et de la vigilance chez des généralistes de garde en région parisienne. Arch Mal Prof 56(5):407-409.

Donovan, R, PA Kurzman, and C Rotman. 1993. Improving the lives of home care workers: A partnership of social work and labor. Soc Work 38(5):579-585..

Edling, C. 1980. Anesthetic gases as an occupational hazard. A review. Scand J Work Environ Health 6:85-93.

Ehrengut, W and T Klett. 1981. Rötelnimmunstatus von Schwesternschülerinnen in Hamberger Krankenhäusern im Jahre 1979. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkdunde 129:464-466.

Elias, J, D Wylie, A Yassi, and N Tran. 1993. Eliminating worker exposure to ethylene oxide from hospital sterilizers: An evaluation of cost and effectiveness of an isolation system. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 8(8):687-692.

Engels, J, TH Senden, and K Hertog. 1993. Working postures of nurses in nursing homes. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Englade J, E Badet and G Becque. 1994. Vigilance et qualité de sommeil des soignants de nuit. Revue de l’infirmière 17:37-48.

Ernst, E and V Fialka. 1994. Idiopathic low back pain: Present impact, future directions. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 4:69-72.

Escribà Agüir, V. 1992. Nurses’ attitudes towards shiftwork and quality of life, Scand J Soc Med 20(2):115-118.

Escribà Agüir V, S Pérez, F Bolumar, and F Lert. 1992. Retentissement des horaires de travail sur le sommeil des infirmiers. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Estryn-Béhar, M. 1990. Les groupes de parole: Une stratégie d’amélioration des relations avec les malades. Le concours médical 112(8):713-717.

—. 1991. Guide des risques professionnels du personnel des services de soins. Paris: Editions Lamarre.

Estryn-Béhar, M and N Bonnet. 1992. Le travail de nuit à l’hôpital. Quelques constats à mieux prendre en compte. Arch Mal Prof 54(8):709-719.

Estryn-Béhar, M and F Fonchain. 1986. Les troubles du sommeil du personnel hospitalier effectuant un travail de nuit en continu. Arch Mal Prof 47(3):167-172;47(4):241.

Estryn-Béhar, M and JP Fouillot. 1990a. Etude de la charge physique du personnel soignant, Documents pour le médecin du travail. INRS: 27-33.

—. 1990b. Etude de la charge mentale et approche de la charge psychique du personnel soignant. Analyse du travail des infirmières et aides-soignantes dans 10 services de soins. Documents pour le médecin du travail INRS 42:131-144.

Estryn-Béhar, M and C Hakim-Serfaty. 1990. Organisation de l’espace hospitalier. Techn hosp 542:55-63.

Estryn-Béhar, M and G Milanini. 1992. Concevoir les espaces de travail en services de soins. Technique Hospitalière 557:23-27.

Estryn-Béhar, M and H Poinsignon. 1989. Travailler à l’hopital. Paris: Berger Levrault.

Estryn-Béhar, M, C Gadbois, and E Vaichere. 1978. Effets du travail de nuit en équipes fixes sur une population féminine. Résultats d’une enquête dans le secteur hospitalier. Arch Mal Prof 39(9):531-535.

Estryn-Béhar, M, C Gadbois, E Peigné, A Masson, and V Le Gall. 1989b. Impact of nightshifts on male and female hospital staff, in Shiftwork: Health and Performance, edited by G Costa, G Cesana, K Kogi, and A Wedderburn. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Night and Shift Work. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Estryn-Béhar, M, M Kaminski, and E Peigné. 1990. Strenuous working conditions and musculoskeletal disorders among female hospital workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62:47-57.

Estryn-Béhar, M, M Kaminski, M Franc, S Fermand, and F Gerstle F. 1978. Grossesse er conditions de travail en milieu hospitalier. Revue franç gynec 73(10) 625-631.

Estryn-Béhar, M, M Kaminski, E Peigné, N Bonnet, E Vaichère, C Gozlan, S Azoulay, and M Giorgi. 1990. Stress at work and mental health status. Br J Ind Med 47:20-28.

Estryn-Béhar, M, B Kapitaniak, MC Paoli, E Peigné, and A Masson. 1992. Aptitude for physical exercise in a population of female hospital workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64:131-139.

Estryn Béhar, M, G Milanini, T Bitot, M Baudet, and MC Rostaing. 1994. La sectorisation des soins: Une organisation, un espace. Gestion hospitalière 338:552-569.

Estryn-Béhar, M, G Milanini, MM Cantel, P Poirier, P Abriou, and the ICU’s study group. 1995a. Interest of participative ergonomic methodology to improve an intensive care unit. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, 2nd edition, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

—. 1995b. Participative ergonomic methodology for the new fitting out of a cardiologic intensive care unit. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, 2nd edition, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Estryn-Béhar, M, E Peigné, A Masson, C Girier-Desportes, JJ Guay, D Saurel, JC Pichenot, and J Cavaré. 1989a. Les femmes travaillant à l’hôpital aux différents horaires, qui sont-elles? Que décrivent-elles comme conditions de travail? Que souhaitent-elles? Arch Mal Prof 50(6):622-628.

Falk, SA and NF Woods. 1973. Hospital noise-levels and potential health hazards, New England J Med 289:774-781.

Fanger, PO. 1973. Assessment of man’s thermal comfort in practice. Br J Ind Med 30:313-324.

—. 1992. Sensory characterization of air quality and pollution sources. In Chemical, Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality—State of the Art in SBS, edited by H Knoppel and P Wolkoff. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Favrot-Laurens. 1992. Advanced technologies and work organization of hospital teams. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

—. 1992. Sensory characterization of air quality and pollution sources. In Chemical, Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality—State of the Art in Sick Building Syndrome, edited by H Koppel and P Wolkoff. Brussels and Luxembourg: EEC.

Ferstandig, LL. 1978. Trace concentrations of anesthetic gases: A critical review of their disease potential. Anesth Analg 57:328-345.

Finley, GA and AJ Cohen. 1991. Percieved urgency and the anaesthetist: Responses to common operating room monitor alarms. Can J Anaesth 38(8):958-964

Ford, CV and DK Wentz. 1984. The internship year: A study of sleep, mood states, and psychophysiologic parameters. South Med J 77:1435-1442.

Friedman, RC, DS Kornfeld, and TJ Bigger. 1971. Psychological problems associated with sleep deprivation in interns. Journal of Medical Education 48:436-441.

Friele, RD and JJ Knibbe. 1993. Monitoring the barriers with the use of patient lifts in home care as perceived by nursing personnel. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. LandsbergLech: Ecomed Verlag.

Gadbois, CH. 1981. Aides-soignantes et infirmières de nuit. In Conditions de travail et vie quotidienne. Montrougs: Agence Nationale pour l’Amélioration des Conditions de Travail.

Gadbois, C, P Bourgeois, MM Goeh-Akue-Gad, J Guillaume, and MA Urbain. 1992. Contraintes temporelles et structure de l’espace dans le processus de travail des équipes de soins. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Games, WP, and W Tatton-Braen. 1987. Hospitals Design and Development. London: Architectural Press.

Gardner, ER and RC Hall. 1981. The professional stress syndrome. Psychosomatics 22:672-680.

Gaube, J, H Feucht, R Laufs, D Polywka, E Fingscheidt, and HE Müller. 1993. Hepatitis A, B und C als desmoterische Infecktionen. Gessundheitwesen und Desinfextion 55:246-249.

Gerberding, JL. N.d. Open trial of Zidovudine Postexposure-chemoprophylaxis in Health Care Workers with Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Skript SFGH.

—. 1995. Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. New Engl J Med 332:444-451.

Ginesta, J. 1989. Gases anestésicos. In Riesgos del Trabajo del Personal Sanitario, edited by JJ Gestal. Madrid: Editorial Interamericana McGraw-Hill.

Gold, DR, S Rogacz, N Bock, TD Tosteson, TM Baum, FE Speizer, and CA Czeiler. 1992. Rotating shift work, sleep and accidents related to sleepiness in hospital nurses. Am J Public Health 82(7):1011-1014.

Goldman, LI, MT McDonough, and GP Rosemond. 1972. Stresses affecting surgical performance and learning: Correlation of heart rate, electrocardiogram, and operation simultaneously recorded on videotapes. J Surg Res 12:83-86.

Graham, C, C Hawkins, and W Blau. 1983. Innovative social work practice in health care: Stress management. In Social Work in a Turbulent World, edited by M Dinerman. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Green, A. 1992. How nurses can ensure the sounds patients hear have a positive rather than negative effect upon recovery and quality of life. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing Journal 8(4):245-248.

Griffin, WV. 1995. Social worker and agency safety. In Encyclopaedia of Social Work, 19th edition. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Grob, PJ. 1987. Cluster of hepatitis B transmission by a physician. Lancet 339:1218-1220.

Guardino, X and MG Rosell. 1985. Exposicion laboral a gases anestésicos. In Notas Técnicas de Prevención. No. 141. Barcelona: INSHT.

—. 1992. Exposure at work to anesthetic gases. A controlled risk? Janus 12:8-10.

—. 1995. Exposure monitoring to anesthetic gases. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagburg, F Hoffmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Solna: National Institute of Occupational Health.

Hagberg, M, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander (eds.). 1993. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Hagberg, M, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander (eds.). 1995. Occupational Health for Health Care Workers. Singapore: International Commission on Occupational Health.

Haigh, R. 1992. The application of ergonomics to the design of workplace in health care buildings in the U.K. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Halm, MA and MA Alpen, 1993. The impact of technology on patient and families. Nursing Clinics of North America 28(2):443-457.

Harber, P, L Pena, and P Hsu. 1994. Personal history, training, and worksite as predictors of back pain of nurses. Am J Ind Med 25:519-526.

Hasselhorn, HM. 1994. Antiretrovirale prophylaxe nach kontakt mit HIV-jontaminierten. In Flüssigkeiten in Infektiologie, edited by F Hofmann. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Hasselhorn, HM and E Seidler.1993. Terminal care in Sweden—New aspects of the professional care of dying. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel U, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Heptonstall, J, K Porter, and N Gill. 1993. Occupational Transmission of HIV: Summary of Published Reports. London: Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre AIDS Centre.

Hesse, A, Lacher A, HU Koch, J Kublosch, V Ghane, and KF Peters. 1996. Update on the latex allergy topic. Hauzarzt 47(11):817-824.

Ho, DD, T Moudgil, and M Alam. 1989. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. New Engl J Med 321:1621-1625.

Hodge, B and JF Thompson. 1990. Noise pollution in the operating theatre. Lancet 335:891-894.

Hofmann, F and H Berthold. 1989. Zur Hepatitis-B-Gefährdung des Krankenhauspersonals-Möglichkeiten der prae-und postexpositionellen Prophylaxe. Medizinische Welt 40:1294-1301.

Hofmann, F and U Stössel. 1995. Environmental health in the health care professions: Biological, physical, psychic, and social health hazards. Reviews on Environmental Health 11:41-55.

Hofmann, F, H Berthold, and G Wehrle. 1992. Immunity to hepatitis A in hospital personnel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11(12):1195.

Hofmann, F, U Stössel, and J Klima. 1994. Low back pain in nurses (I). European Journal of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 4:94-99.

Hofmann, F, B Sydow, and M Michaelis. 1994a. Mumps—berufliche Gefährdung und Aspekte der epidemiologischen Entwicklung. Gessundheitwesen und Desinfextion 56:453-455.

—. 1994b. Zur epidemiologischen Bedeutung der Varizellen. Gessundheitwesen und Desinfextion 56:599-601.

Hofmann, F, G Wehrle, K Berthold, and D Köster. 1992. Hepatitis A as an occupational hazard. Vaccine 10 suppl 1:82-84.

Hofmann, F, U Stössel, M Michaelis, and A Siegel. 1993. Tuberculosis—Occupational risk for health care workers? In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Hofmann, F, M Michaelis, A Siegel, and U Stössel. 1994. Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen im Pflegeberuf. Medizinische Grundlagen und Prävention. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Hofmann, F, M Michaelis, M Nübling, and FW Tiller. 1995. European Hepatitis—A Study. Publikation in Vorereitung.

Hofmann, H and C Kunz. 1990. Low risk of health care workers for infection with hepatitis-C virus. Infection 18:286-288.

Holbrook, TL, K Grazier, JL Kelsey, and RN Stauffer. 1984. The Frequency of Occurrence, Impact, and Cost of Selected Musculoskeletal Conditions in the United States. Park Ridge, Il: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.

Hollinger, FB. 1990. Hepatitis B virus. In Virology, edited by BN Fiedles and DM Knipe. New York: Raven Press.

Hopps, J and P Collins. 1995. Social work profession overview. In Encyclopedia of Social Work, 19th edition. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Hubacova, L, I Borsky, and F Strelka. 1992. Work physiology problems of nurses working in inpatients departments. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Hunt, LW, AF Fransway, CE Reed, LK Miller, RT Jones, MC Swanson, and JW Yunginger. 1995. An epidemic of occupational allergy to latex involving health care workers. J Occup Environ Med 37(10):1204-1209.

Jacobson, SF and HK MacGrath. 1983. Nurses under Stress. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Jacques, CHM, MS Lynch and JS Samkoff. 1990. The effects of sleep loss on cognitive performance of resident physicians. J Fam Pract 30:223-229.

Jagger, J, EH Hunt, J Brand-Elnagger, and RD Pearson. 1988. Rates of needle-stick injury caused by various devices in a university hospital. New Engl J Med 319:284-288.

Johnson, JA, RM Buchan, and J S Reif. 1987. Effect of waste anesthetic gas and vapor exposure on reproductive outcome in veterinary personnel. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(1):62-66.

Jonasson, G, JO Holm, and J Leegard. Rubber allergy: An increasing health problem? Tuidsskr Nor Laegeforen 113(11):1366-1367.

Kandolin, I. 1993. Burnout of female and male nurses in shiftwork. Ergonomics 36(1/3):141-147.

Kaplan, RM and RA Deyo. 1988. Back pain in health care workers. In Back Pain in Workers, edited by RA Deyo. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus.

Katz, R. 1983. Causes of death among nurses. Occup Med 45:760-762.

Kempe, P, M Sauter and I Lindner. 1992. Special characteristics of nurses for the aged who made use of a training program aimed to reduce burn-out symptoms and first results on treatment outcome. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Kerr, JH. 1985. Warning devices. Br J Anaesth 57:696-708.

Kestin, IG, RB Miller, and CJ Lockhart. 1988. Auditory alarms during anesthesia monitoring. Anesthesiology 69(1):106-109.

Kinloch-de-los, S, BJ Hirschel, B Hoen, DA Cooper, B Tindall, A Carr, H Sauret, N Clumeck, A Lazzarin, and E Mathiesen. 1995. A controlled trial of Zidovudine in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. New Engl J Med 333:408-413.

Kivimäki, M and K Lindström. 1995. The crucial role of the head nurse in a hospital ward. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Klaber Moffet, JA, SM Chase, I Portek, and JR Ennis. 1986. A controlled study to evaluate the efectiveness of the back pain school in the relief of chronic low back pain. Spine 11:120-122.

Kleczkowski, BM, C Montoya-Aguilar, and NO Nilsson. 1985. Approaches to Planning and Design of Health Care Facilities in Developing Areas. Vol. 5. Geneva: WHO.

Klein, BR and AJ Platt. 1989. Health Care Facility Planning and Construction. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Kelin, R, K Freemann, P Taylor, C Stevens. 1991. Occupational risk for hepatits C virus infection among New York City dentists. Lancet 338:1539-1542.

Kraus, H. 1970. Clinical Treatment of Back and Neck Pain. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kujala, VM and KE Reilula. 1995. Glove-induced dermal and respiratory symptoms among health care workers in one Finnish hospital. Am J Ind Med 28(1):89-98.

Kurumatani, N, S Koda, S Nakagiri, K Sakai, Y Saito, H Aoyama, M Dejima, and T Moriyama. 1994. The effects of frequently rotating shiftwork on sleep and the family life of hospital nurses. Ergonomics 37:995-1007.

Lagerlöf, E and E Broberg. 1989. Occupational injuries and diseases. In Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, edited by DK Brune and C Edling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Lahaye, D, P Jacques, G Moens, and B Viaene. 1993. The registration of medical data obtained by preventive medical examinations on health care workers. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, F, U Stössel and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Lampher, BP, CC Linneman, CG Cannon, MM DeRonde, L Pendy, and LM Kerley. 1994. Hepatitis C virus infection in health care workers: Risk of exposure and infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 15:745-750.

Landau, C, S Hall, SA Wartman, and MB Macko. 1986. Stress in social and family relationships during medical residency. Journal of Medical Education 61:654-660.

Landau, K. 1992. Psycho-physical strain and the burn-out phenomen amongst health care professionals. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Landewe, MBM and HT Schröer. 1993. Development of a new, integrated patient transfer training program—Primary prevention of low back pain. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, editeb by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Lange, M. 1931. Die Muskelhärten (Myogelosen). Munich: JF Lehman Verlag.

Lange, W and KN Masihi. 1986. Durchseuchung mit Hepatitis-A- und B-Virus bei medizinischem Personal. Bundesgesundheitsol 29;183-87.

Lee, KA. 1992. Self-reported sleep disturbances in employed women. Sleep15(6):493-498.

Lempereur, JJ. 1992. Prévention des dorso-lombalgies. Influence du vêtement de travail sur le comportement gestuel. Spécifications ergonomiques. Cah Kinésither 156,:4.

Leppanen, RA and MA Olkinuora. 1987. Psychological stress experienced by health care personnel. Scand J Work Environ Health 13:1-8.

Lert, F, MJ Marne, and A Gueguen. 1993. Evolution des conditions de travail des infirmières des hôpitaux publics de 1980 à 1990. Revue de l’Epidémiologie et de santé publique 41:16-29.

Leslie, PJ, JA Williams, C McKenna, G Smith and RC Heading. 1990. Hours, volume, and type of work of preregistration house officers. Brit Med J 300:1038-1041.

Lettau, LA, HJ Alfred, RH Glew, HA Fields, MJ Alter, R Meyer, SC Hadler, and JE Maynard. 1986. Nosocomial transmission of delta hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 104:631-635.

Levin, H. 1992. Healthy buildings—Where do we stand, where do we go? In Chemical, Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality: State of the Art in Sick Building Syndrome, edited by H Knoppel and P Wolkoff. Brussels and Luxembourg: EEC.

Lewittes, LR and VW Marshall. 1989. Fatigue and concerns about quality of care among Ontario interns and residents. Can Med Assoc J 140:21-24.

Lewy, R. 1990. Employees at Risk: Protection and Health of Health Care Workers. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Lindström, A and M Zachrisson. 1973. Ryggbesvär och arbetssoförmaga Ryyggskolan. Ett Försok till mer rationeli fysikalist terapi. Socialmet T 7:419-422.

Lippert. 1971. Travel in nursing units. Human Factors 13(3):269-282.

Ljungberg, AS, A Kilbom, and MH Goran. 1989. Occupational lifting by nursing aides and warehouse workers. Ergonomics 32:59-78.

Llewelyn-Davies, R and J Wecks. 1979. In-patient areas. In Approaches to Planning and Design of Health Care Facilities in Developing Areas, edited by BM Kleczkowski and R Piboleau. Geneva: WHO.

Loeb, RG, BR Jones, KH Behrman, and RJ Leonard. 1990. Anesthetists cannot identify audible alarms. Anesthesiology 73(3A):538.

Lotas, MJ. 1992. Effects of light and sound in the neonatal intensive care unit environment on the low-birth-weight infant. NAACOGS Clinical Issues in Perinatal & Womens Health Nursing 3(1):34-44.

Lurie, HE, B Rank, C Parenti, T Wooley, and W Snoke. 1989. How do house officers spend their nights? A time study of internal medicine house staff on call. New Engl J Med 320:1673-1677.

Luttman, A, M Jäger, J Sökeland, and W Laurig. 1996. Electromyographical study on surgeons in urology II. Determination of muscular fatigue. Ergonomics 39(2):298-313.

Makino, S. 1995. Health problems in health care workers in Japan. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsbeg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Malchaire, JB. 1992. Analysis of the work load of nurses. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Manuaba, A. 1992. Social-cultural approach is a must in designing hospital in developing countries, Indonesia as a case study. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Maruna, H. 1990. Zur Hepatitis-B-Durchseuchung in den Berufen des Gesundheits und Fürsorgewesens der Republik Österreichs, Arbeitsmed. Präventivmed. Sozialmed 25:71-75.

Matsuda, A. 1992. Ergonomics approach to nursing care in Japan. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

McCall, T. 1988. The impact of long working hours on resident physicians. New Engl J Med 318(12):775-778.

McCloy, E. 1994. Hepatitis and the EEC Directive. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, Stockholm.

McCormick, RD, MG Meuch, IG Irunk, and DG Maki. 1991. Epidemiology for hospital sharp injuries: A 14-year prospective study in the pre-AIDS and AIDS era. Am J Med 3B:3015-3075.

McCue, JD. 1982. The effects of stresses on physicians and their medical practice. New Engl J Med 306:458-463.

McIntyre, JWR. 1985. Ergonomics: Anaesthetists’ use of auditory alarms in the operating room. Int J Clin Monit Comput 2:47-55

McKinney, PW, MM Horowitz, and RJ Baxtiola. 1989. Susceptibility of hospital-based health care personnel to varicella zoster virus infection. Am J Infect Control 18:26-30.

Melleby, A. 1988. Exercise program for a healthy back. In Diagnosis and Treatment of Muscle Pain. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Books.

Meyer,TJ, SE Eveloff, MS Bauer, WA Schwartz, NS Hill, and PR Millman. 1994. Adverse environmental conditions in the respiratory and medical intensive care unit settings. Chest 105:1211-1216.

Miller, E, J Vurdien, and P Farrington. 1993. Shift age in chickenpox. Lancet 1:341.

Miller, JM. 1982. William Stewart Halsted and the use of the surgical rubber glove. Surgery 92:541-543.

Mitsui, T, K Iwano, K Maskuko, C Yanazaki, H Okamoto, F Tsuda, T Tanaka, and S Mishiros. 1992. Hepatitis C virus infection in medical personnel after needlestick accidents. Hepatology 16:1109-1114.

Modig, B. 1992. Hospital ergonomics in a biopsychosocial perspective. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Momtahan, K, R Hétu, and B Tansley. 1993. Audibility and identification of auditory alarms in the operating room and intensive care unit. Ergonomics 36(10):1159-1176.

Momtahan, KL and BW Tansley. 1989. An ergonomic analysis of the auditory alarm signals in the operating room and recovery room. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Acoustical Association, 18 October, Halifax, NS.

Montoliu, MA, V Gonzalez, B Rodriguez, JF Quintana, and L Palenciano.1992. Conditions de travail dans la blanchisserie centrale des grands hôpitaux de Madrid. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Moore, RM, YM Davis, and RG Kaczmarek. 1993. An overview of occupational hazards among veterinarians, with particular reference to pregnant women. Am J Ind Hyg Assoc 54(3):113-120.

Morel, O. 1994. Les agents des services hospitaliers. Vécu et santé au travail. Arch mal prof 54(7):499-508.

Nachemson, AL and GBJ Anderson. 1982. Classification of low back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health 8:134-136.

National Health Service (NHS). 1991a. Design Guide. The Design of Community Hospitals. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

—. 1991b. Health Building Note 46: General Medical Practice Premises for the Provision of Primary Health Care Service. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1975. Development and Evaluation of Methods for the Elimination of Waste Anesthetic Gases and Vapors in Hospitals. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-137. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

—. 1997a. Control of Occupational Exposure to N2O in the Dentral Operatory. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-171. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

—. 1977b. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Waste Anesthetic Gases and Vapors. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-1409. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

—. 1988. Guidelines for Protecting the Safety and Health of Health Care Workers. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 88-119. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

—. 1994. NIOSH Alert: Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide during Anesthetic Administration. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-100. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

Niu, MT, DS Stein, and SM Schnittmann. 1993. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: Review of pathogenesis and early treatment interventions in human and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis 168:1490-1501.

Noweir, MH and MS al-Jiffry. 1991. Study of noise pollution in Jeddah hospitals. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 66 (3/4):291-303.

Nyman, I and A Knutsson. 1995. Psychosocial wellbeing and sleep quality in hospital night and day workers. In Occuaptional Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Objectif Prévention No spécial. 1994. Le lève personne sur rail au plafond: Outil de travail indispensable. Objectif Prévention 17(2):13-39.

O’Carroll, TM. 1986. Survey of alarms in an intensive therapy unit. Anaesthesia 41:742-744.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 1991. Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens: Final Rule. 29 CFR Part 1910.1030. Washington, DC: OSHA.

Oëler, JM. 1993. Developmental care of low birth weight infants. Nursing Clinics of North America 28(2):289-301.

Öhling, P and B Estlund. 1995. Working technique for health care workers. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander G. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Ollagnier, E and Lamarche MJ. 1993. Une intervention ergonomique dans un hôpital suisse: Impact sur la santé de l’organisation du personnel et des patients. In Ergonomie et santé, edited by D Ramaciotti and A Bousquet. Actes du XXVIIIe congrès de la SELF. Geneva: SELF.

Ott, C, M Estryn-Béhar, C Blanpain, A Astier, and G Hazebroucq. 1991. Conditionnement du médicament et erreurs de médication. J Pharm Clin 10:61-66.

Patkin, M. 1992. Hospital architecture: An ergonomic debacle. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Payer, L. 1988. Medicine and Culture: The Variety of Treatment in the United States, England, West Germany and France. New York: H. Holt.

Payne, R and J Firth-Cozens (eds.). 1987. Stress in Health Professions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

—. 1995. Determination of dinitrogen oxide (N2O) in urine as control to anesthetic exposure. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hoffmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Solna: National Institute of Occupational Health.

Pelikan, JM. 1993. Improving occupational health for health care workers within the health promoting hospital: Experiences from the Vienna WHO model project “health and hospital”. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Pérez, L, R De Andrés, K. Fitch, and R Najera. 1994. Seroconversiones a VIH tras Sanitarios en Europa. Presented at the 2nd Reunión Nacional sobre el SIDA Cáceres.

Philip, RN, KRT Reinhard, and DB Lackman. 1959. Observations on a mumps epidemic in a “virgin” population. Am J Hyg 69:91-111.

Pottier, M. 1992. Ergonomie à l’hôpital-hospital ergonomics. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Poulton, EC, GM Hunt, A Carpenter, and RS Edwards. 1978. The performance of junior hospital doctors following reduced sleep and long hours of work. Ergonomics 21:279-295.

Pöyhönen, T and M Jokinen. 1980. Stress and Other Occupational Health Problems Affecting Hospital Nurses. Vantaa, Finland: Tutkimuksia.

Raffray, M. 1994. Etude de la charge physique des AS par mesure de la fréquence cardiaque. Objectif soins 26:55-58.

Ramaciotti, D, S Blaire, A Bousquet, E Conne, V Gonik, E Ollagnier, C Zummermann, and L Zoganas. 1990. Processus de régulation des contraintes économiques physiologiques et sociales pour différents groupes de travail en horaires irréguliers et de nuit. Le travail humain 53(3):193-212.

Reuben, DB. 1985. Depressive symptoms in medical house officers: Effects of level of training and work rotation. Arch Intern Med 145:286-288.

Reznick, RK and JR Folse. 1987. Effect of sleep deprivation on the performance of surgical residents. Am J Surg 154:520-52.

Rhoads, JM.1977. Overwork. JAMA 237:2615-2618.

Rodary, C and A Gauvain-Piquard 1993. Stress et épuisement professionnel. Objectif soins 16:26-34.

Roquelaure, Y, A Pottier, and M Pottier. 1992. Approche ergonomique comparative de deux enregistreurs electroencéphalographiques. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Rosell, MG, P Luna, and X Guardino. 1989. Evaluacion y Control de Contaminantes QuPmicos en Hospitales. Technical Document No. 57. Barcelona: INSHT.

Rubin, R, P Orris, SL Lau, DO Hryhorczuk, S Furner, and R Letz. 1991. Neurobehavioral effects of the on-call experience in housestaff physicians. J Occup Med 33:13-18.

Saint-Arnaud, L, S Gingras, R Boulard., M Vezina and H Lee-Gosselin. 1992. Les symptômes psychologiques en milieu hospitalier. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Samkoff, JS, CHM Jacques. 1991. A review of studies concerning effects of sleep deprivation and fatigue on residents’ performance. Acad Med 66:687-693.

Sartori, M, G La Terra, M Aglietta, A Manzin, C Navino, and G Verzetti. 1993. Transmission of hepatitis C via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand J Infect Dis 25:270-271.

Saurel, D. 1993. CHSCT Central, Enquete “Rachialgies” Résultats. Paris: Assistance Publique-Höpitaux de Paris, Direction du personnel et des relations sociales.

Saurel-Cubizolles, MJ, M Hay, and M Estryn-Béhar. 1994. Work in operating rooms and pregnancy outcome among nurses. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 66:235-241.

Saurel-Cubizolles, MJ, MKaminski, J Llhado-Arkhipoff, C Du Mazaubrum, M Estryn-Behar, C Berthier, M Mouchet, and C Kelfa. 1985. Pregnancy and its outcome among hospital personnel according to occupation and working condition. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 39:129-134.

Schröer, CAP, L De Witte, and H Philipsen. 1993. Effects of shift work on quality of sleep, health complaints and medical consumption of female nurses. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Senevirane, SR, De A and DN Fernando. 1994. Influence of work on pregnancy outcome. Int J Gynecol Obstet VOL: 35-40.

Shapiro, ET, H Pinsker and JH Shale. 1975. The mentally ill physician as practitioner. JAMA 232(7):725-727.

Shapiro, RA and T Berland. 1972. Noise in the operating room. New Engl J Med 287(24):1236-1238.

Shindo, E. 1992. The present condition of nursing ergonomics in Japan. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Siegel, A, M Michaelis, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and W Peinecke. 1993. Use and acceptance of lifting aids in hospitals and geriatric homes. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Smith, MJ, MJ Colligan, IJ Frocki, and DL Tasto. 1979. Occupational injury rates among nurses as a function of shift schedule. Journal of Safety Research 11(4):181-187.

Smith-Coggins, R, MR Rosekind, S Hurd, and KR Buccino. 1994. Relationship of day versus night sleep to physician performance and mood. Ann Emerg Med 24:928-934.

Snook, SH. 1988a. Approaches to the control of back pain in industry. In Back Pain in Workers, edited by RA Deyo. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.

—. 1988b. The costs of back pain in industry. In Back Pain in Workers, edited by RA Deyo. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.

South, MA, JL Sever, and L Teratogen. 1985. Update: The congenital rubella syndrome. Teratology 31:297-392.

Spence, AA. 1987. Environmental pollution by inhalation anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 59:96-103.

Stellman, JM. 1976. Women’s Work, Women’s Health: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon.

Steppacher, RC and JS Mausner. 1974. Suicide in male and female physicians. JAMA 228(3):323-328.

Sterling, DA. 1994. Overview of health and safety in the health care environment. In Essentials of Modern Hospital Safety, edited by W Charney. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.

Stoklov, M, P Trouiller, P Stieglitz, Y Lamalle, F Vincent, A Perdrix, C Marka, R de Gaudemaris, JM Mallion, and J Faure. 1983. L’exposition aux gaz anethésiques: Risques et prévention. Sem Hôs 58(29/39):2081-2087.

Storer, JS, HH Floyd, WL Gill, CW Giusti, and H Ginsberg. 1989. Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive ability and skills of pediatrics residents. Acad Med 64:29-32.

Stubbs, DA, PW Buckle, and PM Hudson. 1983. Back pain in the nursing profession; I Epidemiology and pilot methodology. Ergonomics 26:755-765.

Sundström-Frisk C and M Hellström.1995. The risk of making treatment errors, an occupational stressor. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Swann-D’Emilia, B, JCH Chu, and J Daywalt. 1990. Misadministration of prescribed radiation dose. Medical Dosimetry 15:185-191.

Sydow, B and F Hofmann. 1994. Unpublished results.

Tannenbaum, TN and RJ Goldberg. 1985. Exposure to anaesthetic gases and reproductive outcome: A review of epidemiologic literature. J Occup Med 27:659-671.

Teyssier-Cotte, C, M Rocher, and P Mereau. 1987. Les lits dans les établissements de soins. Documents pour le médecin du travail. INRS 29:27-34.

Theorell, T. 1989. The psychosocial working environment. In Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, edited by DK Brune and C Edling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Theorell T. 1993. On the psychosocial environment in care. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech : Ecomed Verlag.

Tintori, R and M Estryn-Béhar. 1994. Communication: Où, quand, comment? Critères ergonomiques pour améliorer la communication dans les services de soins. Gestions Hospitalières 338:553-561.

Tintori, R, M Estryn-Behar, J De Fremont, T Besse, P Jacquenot, A Le Vot, and B Kapitaniak. 1994. Evaluation des lits à hauteur variable. Une démarche de recherche en soins infirmiers. Gestions Hospitalières 332:31-37.

Tokars, JI, R Marcus, DH Culver, CA Schable, PS McKibben, CL Bandea, and DM Bell. 1993. Surveillance of HIV infection and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med 118:913-919.

Toomingas, A. 1993. The health situation among Swedish health care workers. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Topf, M. 1992. Effects of personal control over hospital noise on sleep. Research in Nursing & Health 15(1):19-28.

Tornquist, A and P Ullmark. 1992. Corporate Space and Architecture, Actors and Procedures. Paris: Ministère de l’équipement du logement et des transports.

Townsend, M. 1994. Just a glove? Br J Theatre Nurs 4(5):7,9-10.

Tran, N, J Elias, T Rosenber, D Wylie, D Gaborieau, and A Yassi. 1994. Evaluation of waste anesthetic gases, monitoring strategies and corelations between nitrous oxide levels and health symptoms. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55(1):36-42.

Turner, AG, CH King, and G Craddock. 1975. Measuring and reducing noise. Noise profile of hospital shows that even “quiet” areas are too noisy. Hospital JAHA 49:85-89.

US Preventive Services Task Force. 1989. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 interventions. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Vaillant, GE, NC Sorbowale, and C McArthur. 1972. Some psychologic vulnerabilities of physicians. New Engl J Med 287:372-375.

Vaisman, AI. 1967. Working conditions in surgery and their effects on the health of anesthesiologists. Eskp Khir Anesteziol 12:44-49.

Valentino, M, MA Pizzichini, F Monaco, and M Governa. 1994. Latex-induced asthma in four healthcare workers in a regional hospital. Occup Med (Oxf) 44(3):161-164.

Valko, RJ and PJ Clayton. 1975. Depression in the internships. Dis Nerv Syst 36:26-29.

Van Damme, P and GA Tormanns. 1993. European risk model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Hepatitis B as an Occupatioonal Hazard. 10-12.

Van Damme, P, R Vranckx, A Safary, FE Andre, and A Mehevs. 1989. Protective efficacy of a recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid hepatitis B vaccine in institutionalized mentally handicapped clients. Am J Med 87(3A):265-295.

Van der Star, A and M Voogd. 1992. User participation in the design and evaluation of a new model hospital bed. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Van Deursen, CGL, CAM Mul, PGW Smulders and CR De Winter. 1993. Health and working situation of day nurses compared with a matched group of nurses on rotating shift work. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Van Hogdalem, H. 1990. Design guidelines for architects and users. In Building for People in Hospitals, Workers and Consumers. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

Van Wagoner, R and N Maguire. 1977. A study of hearing loss among employees in a large urban hospital. Canadian Journal of Public Health 68:511-512.

Verhaegen, P, R Cober, DE Smedt, J Dirkx, J Kerstens, D Ryvers, and P Van Daele. 1987. The adaptation of night nurses to different work schedules. Ergonomics 30(9):1301-1309.

Villeneuve, J. 1992. Une demarche d’ergonomie participative dans le secteur hôspitalier. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

—. 1994. PARC: Des fondations solides pour un projet de rénovation ou de construction Objectif prévention (Montreal) 17(5):14-16.

Wade, JG and WC Stevens. 1981. Isoflurane: An ansaesthetic for the eighties? Anesth Analg 60(9):666-682.

Wahlen, L. 1992. Noise in the intensive care setting. Canadian Critical Care Nursing Journal, 8/9(4/1):9-10.

Walz, T, G Askerooth, and M Lynch. 1983. The new upside-down welfare state. In Social Work in a Turbulent World, edited by M Dinerman. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Wands, SE and A Yassi. 1993. Modernization of a laundry processing plant: Is it really an improvement? Appl Ergon 24(6):387-396.

Weido, AJ and TC Sim. 1995. The burgeoning problem of latex sensitivity. Surgical gloves are only the beginning. Postgrad Med 98(3):173-174,179-182,184.

Wiesel, SW, HL Feffer, and RH Rothmann. 1985. Industrial Low Back Pain. Charlottesville,VA: Michie.

Wigaeus Hjelm, E, M Hagberg, and S Hellstrom. 1993. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in nursing aides by physical training. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Landsberg/Lech: Ecomed Verlag.

Wigand, R and Y Grenner. 1988. Personaluntersuchungen auf Immunität gegen Masern, Varizellen und Röteln, Saarländ. Ärztebl 41:479-480.

Wilkinson, RT, PD Tyler and CA Varey. 1975. Duty hours of young hospital doctors: Effects on the quality of work. J Occup Psychol 48:219-229.

Willet, KM. 1991. Noise-induced hearing loss in orthopaedic staff. J Bone Joint Surg 73:113-115.

Williams, M and JD Murphy. 1991. Noise in critical care units: A quality assurance approach. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 6(1):53-59.

World Health Organization (WHO). 1990. Guidelines on AIDS and First Aid in the Workplace. WHO AIDS Series No. 7. Geneva: WHO.

—. 1991. Biosafety Guidelines for Diagnostic and Research Laboratories Working with HIV. WHO AIDS Series No. 9. Geneva: WHO.

—. 1995. Weekly Epidemiological Report (13 January).

Wugofski, L. 1995. Occupational accident in health care workers—Epidemiology and prevention. In Occupational Health for Health Care Workers, edited by M Hagberg, F Hofmann, U Stössel, and G Westlander. Singapore: International Commission on Occupational Health.

Yassi, A. 1994. Assault and abuse of health care workers in a large teaching hospital. Can Med Assoc J 151(9):1273-1279.

Yassi, A and M McGill. 1991. Determinants of blood and body fluid exposure in a large teaching hospital: Hazards of the intermittent intravenous procedure. American Journal of Infection Control 19(3):129-135.

—. 1995. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a needleless intravenous access system. American Journal of Infection Control 22(2):57-64.

Yassi, A, J Gaborieau, J Elias, and D Willie. 1992. Identification and control of hazardous noise levels in a hospital complex. In Ergonomie à l’hôpital (Hospital Ergonomics), edited by M Estryn-Béhar, C Gadbois, and M Pottier. International Symposium Paris 1991. Toulouse: Editions Octares.

Yassi, A, D Gaborieau, I Gi